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BIO150 > Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells…
- don’t have a nucleus. DNA is stored in the nucleoid.
- don’t have membrane-bound organelles
- have cytoplasms that are bound by plasma membrane
- are smaller in size
- have circular DNA shape

Eukaryotic cells…
- have a nucleus where DNA is stored.
- has membrane-bound organelles
have cytoplasms in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
- are larger in size
- have linear DNA shape

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2
Q

Name the 10 main parts of a eukaryotic cell.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Plasma membrane
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Vacuoles/centrioles
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3
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A network of membranes that consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae. Its continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of rough and smooth regions.

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4
Q

What is the difference in structure between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER: The portion of the ER that does not have bounded ribosomes.

Rough ER: The portion of the ER with ribosomes attached.

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5
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes carbohydrates
  • Detoxifies poison
  • Stores calcium
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6
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Bound ribosomes secrete glycoprotein synthesis
  • Distributes transport vesicles
  • Protein quality control (rough ER checks to make sure proteins are formed correctly - If its bad they’ll either fix it or send it to be recycled)
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7
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates.

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8
Q

What are transport vesicles?

A

Proteins surrounded by membranes.

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9
Q

What are cisternae?

A

Flattened, membrane-bound sacs or compartments that make up the structure of the ER.

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10
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The inner space or cavity inside the ER tunnels where all the action happens in the cells.

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11
Q

What is the main role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A

Known as information central. It contains most of the genes of the eukaryotic cell.

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12
Q

Explain what a nuclear envelope is and its function.

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Function: Working as a barrier to seperating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

Explain what a nuclear pore is and its function.

A

Small passage ways embedded in the nuclear envelope.

Function: Facilitates the selective transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (Disfunctions can lead to cellular abnormalities and diseases.)

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14
Q

Explain what a nuclear lamina is and its function.

A

A netlike array of protein filaments alined along the inner side of the nuclear envelope.

Function: Helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear interior.

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15
Q

Explain what the nucleolus is and its function.

A

A spherical region found within the nucleus of a cell composed of RNA, proteins, and chromatin.

Function: Transcribes and processes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.

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16
Q

Explain what ribosomes are and its function.

A

Complexes made of ribosomal rRNA’s and proteins that use info from DNA to make proteins.

Function: Carry out protein synthesis by translating encoded mRNA (messanger RNA) into specific sequences of amino acids.

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17
Q

Explain what chromatin is and its function.

A

When a cell is not dividing, it is found in its dispersed form as mass of very long, squigly fibers. When cell is dividing, it condenses itself into visible chromosomes to make sure genetic material is accurately seperated.

Function: Allows the long DNA molecules to be tightly packed within the limited space of the nucleus.

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18
Q

Where in the cell are ribosomes typically found carying out protein synthesis?

A

Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, OR bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic recticulum or nuclear envelope.

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19
Q

What is protein synthesis and it’s three main steps?

A

Following the code of mRNA step by step, protein synthesis is assembling amino acids in the order directed by mRNA.

  • Initiation: The beginning phase of protein synthesis where ribsosomes are instructed to start adding amino acids to the chain.
  • Elongation: The stage where the protein chain gets longer.
  • Termination: The end stage of protein synthesis where ribosomes are signaled to stop adding amino acids to the chain.
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20
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus and its function?

A

Consists of a group associated, flattened cisternae known as the cell’s receiving and shipping center.

Function: Serves as the central hub for the processing, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids synthesized by the cell. It modifies proteins and lipids by adding carbohydrate chains to regular proteins, turning them into glycoproteins, packs them up in vesicles for transport, and directs them where to go.

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21
Q

The receiving side of the golgi apparatus is called the ___ golgi. The shipping side of the golgi apparatus is called the ___ golgi.

A

cis ; trans

22
Q

Explain the order in which vesicles move through the golgi apparatus.

A
  1. vesicles arrive from the ER to the cis face of the GA.
  2. vesicles come together to form a new cis golgi cisternae.
  3. the cisterne matures, moving in a cis to trans direction in the GA.
  4. new vesicles form and leave the GA, carrying specific products to other locations, or to the plasma membrane for secreation.
  5. vesicles transport some proteins back to less mature golgi cisternae as well as back to the ER.
23
Q

Define plasma membrane.

A

A selectively permiable barrier surrounding a cell and regulating the cells chemical composition.

24
Q

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell is called…

A

The endomembrane system

25
Q

What are lysosomes and their function?

A

A digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.

Function: To break down and get rid of old or damaged stuff in the cell including foreign substances, bacteria, and viruses.

26
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The process in which lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cells own organic material. (Recycling)

27
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process where lysosomes engulf large particles or even whole cells to digest them to help defend against pathogens, remove debris, and obtain nutrients. (like cells eating)

28
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Membrane-bound organelles that are filled with fluid and various molecules. Their function varies in different kinds of cells. They are surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast, which separates the contents of it from the rest of the cytoplasm.

29
Q

Name the three kinds of vacuoles and their functions.

A

Food Vacuoles: Formed by phagocytosis, they fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes to digest the particle. Their funtion is to defend against pathogens, remove debris, and obtain nutrients.

Contractille Vacuoles: Specialized vacuoles typically found in single celled organisms, such as protists. Their function is to regulate osmotic pressure by actively pumping excess water out of the cell, preventing it from bursting due to osmotic swelling.

Central Vacuoles: Predominantly found in plant cells, they occupy a large portion of the cells volume and are filled with cell sap, a mixture of water, ions, sugars, enzymes, and other substances. Their funtion is to maintain a plants structure and helps them to stay firm and upright, while also getting rid of waste.

30
Q

What is the mitochondria and its function?

A

The powerhouse of the cell.

Function: Where energy (ATP) is produced, the mitochondria specializes in cellular respiration.

31
Q

The ______ ______ is the compartment of the mitochondria that is enclosed by the inner membrane that contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.

A

mitochondrial matrix

32
Q

What is chloroplast and its function?

A

Chloroplast is a specialized organelle found within plant cells and some protitst and if responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. Found in plant leaves.

Function: Carrying out photosynthesis by absorbing light energy to produce glucose.

33
Q

What are thylakoids and their function?

A

Located in the chloroplast, membrane bound organelle filled with chlorophyll.

Function: When sunlight hits the chlorophyll in the thylakoids, it gets absorbed and the conversion of CO2 and H20 into glucose.

34
Q

What is a stroma and its function?

A

The fluid-filled space around the stacks of thylakoids.

Function: Where the raw materials for photosynthesis like CO2 and H2O are available. Also where the calvin cycle takes place.

35
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and its function?

A

A network of protein filaments that crisscross throughout the cell.

Function: Holds the internal framework of the cell, providing shape, structure, and support. Also plays a role in cell movement (with motor proteins) cellular division, and organization.

36
Q

Name the three properties of the cytoskeleton and their protein subunits.

A
  1. Microtubules - tubulin polymers
  2. Microfilaments - actin filaments
  3. Intermediate filaments - keratin family
37
Q

What is the shape and main function(s) of microtubules?

A

Shape: Hollow tubes, each wall consists of 13 tubulin molecules

Functions:
- Maintain cell shape
- Cell motility
- Chromosome movement in cell division
- Organelle movement

38
Q

What is the shape and main function(s) of microfilaments?

A

Shape: Two intertwined strands of actin

Functions:
- Muscle contraction
- Maintain cell shape
- Changes in cell shape
- Cell motility and division

39
Q

What is the shape and main function(s) of intermediate filaments?

A

Shape: Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables

Functions:
- Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
- Formation of nuclear lamina
- Maintain Cell shape

40
Q

What is the cell wall and its function?

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.

Function: to protect the plant cell, maintain shape, and prevent excessive uptake in water.

41
Q

Name three polysaccharides that are important structural parts of cell walls.

A

Cellulose, Chitin, and Peptidoglycan

42
Q

When broken down, the cell wall has three main parts. Name the three and describe each one.

A
  • Primary cell wall: a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell.
  • Middle lamella: A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.
  • Secondary cell wall: A strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support.
43
Q

A microscope that in which visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image, is called…

A

Light Microscope (LM)

44
Q

What are the three main properties of microscopy?

A

Magnification: The ratio of an objects image size to its real size

Resolution: A measure of clarity of the image, the minimum distance two points can be seperated and still be distinguished as seperate points.

Contrast: The difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image.

45
Q

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a greater practical resolution, is called…

A

Electron Microscope (EM)

46
Q

Name two types of Electron Microscopes.

A

Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs): Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3D.

Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs): Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen to study the internal structures of cells.

47
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

A useful technique for studying cell structure and function by taking apart the cell and seperating its major organelles and other subcellular structures (based on size and density) from each other another by centrifugation.

48
Q

What is the purpose of centrifugation?

A

It allows light molecules to float to the top, and solid molecules to sink down. The longer you spin it, the different molecules you get in the pellet.

49
Q

The ________ is the liquid part of the centrifuged solution, and the _____ is the solid in the botton of the centrifuged solution.

A

Supernantant, pellet

50
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

A

A network of molecules that surrounds and supports cells found outside the plasma membrane of cells and plays crucial roles in providing structural support, regulating cell behavior, and facilitating cell-cell communication

BIO150 (20 decks)

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