Chapter 6-9

Question 1

Three types of epithelial membranes

Answer 1

Cutaneous membranes,
Mucous membranes,
Serious membranes

Question 2

Connective tissue membranes (one type)

Answer 2

Synovial membranes

Question 3

Specific serous membranes (three types)

Answer 3

Peritoneum (abdominal cavity)
Pleura (around the lungs)
Pericardium (around the heart)

Question 4

Two layers of the dermis

Answer 4

Papillary layer (upper)
Reticular layer (deeper)

Question 5

What plays a role in body temperature regulation?

Answer 5

Blood vessels

Question 6

What is carotene

Answer 6

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

Question 7

What is hemoglobin

Answer 7

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries.
Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Question 8

The two types of sudoriferous glands

Answer 8

Eccrine and apocrine

Question 9

What is an eccrine gland

Answer 9

Open via duct to lose on skin surface
Produce sweat (clear)

Question 10

What is an apocrine gland

Answer 10

Ducts empty into hair follicles
Begin to function at puberty
Release sweat that so contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)

Question 11

Hair shaft, which is which?

Answer 11

First is cuticle, then cortex, the. Medulla

Question 12

Rule of 9s

Answer 12

Way to determine the extent of burns, bost is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation, each area represents about 9% of total body surface area

Question 13

Burn is considered critical

Answer 13

Over 25% of body has second-degree burns
Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
There are third degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

Question 14

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 14

Least malignant, most common type, arises from stratum basale

Question 15

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 15

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Believed to be sun-induced
Arises from stratum spinosum

Question 16

Malignant melanoma

Answer 16

Most deadly skin cancer
Cancer of melanocytes
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule

Question 17

Articular cartilage

Answer 17

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surface

Question 18

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 18

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing flat bone
Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

Question 19

Epiphyseal line

Answer 19

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Seen in adult bones

Question 20

Marrow (medullary) cavity

Answer 20

Cavity inside shaft,
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

Question 21

Osteogenic cells

Answer 21

Stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

Question 22

Osteocytes

Answer 22

Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

Question 23

Lacunae

Answer 23

Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

Question 24

Osteoclasts

Answer 24

Bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface

Question 25

Endochondral ossification

Answer 25

During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone

Question 26

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 26

Released when blood calcium levels are low Activates osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium ions into the blood

Question 27

What is hypercalcemia

Answer 27

Is high blood calcium levels and it prompts calcium storage to bones

Question 28

Calcitonin

Answer 28

Secreted by C cells (clear cells) of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise too high

Question 29

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium concentration in two ways:

Answer 29

Inhibits osteoclasts thereby reducing bone resorption Stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone

Question 30

Types of bone fractures (four types)

Answer 30

Closed (simple) Open (compound) Stress Pathological

Question 31

How you get each type of fracture

Answer 31

Closed fracture is a break that does not penetrate skin Open fracture is broken bone that penetrates through skin Stress fracture is a break caused by trauma Pathological fractures is a break in a bone weakened by disease

Question 32

Repair process of bone fractures

Answer 32

Hematoma Finrkcartilage callus forms Bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus Bone removing occurs in response to mechanic stresses

Question 33

Common types of fractures (what actually happens to bone)

Answer 33

Comminuted: bone breaks into many fragments Compression: bone is crushed Depressed: broken bone portion is pressed inward Impacted: broken bone ends are force info each other Spiral: ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces add applied to a bone Greenstick: bone breaks incompletely

Question 34

How many bones in the skull

Answer 34

22

Question 35

What are the 8 cranial bones

Answer 35

1 frontal 2 parietal 2 temporal 1 occipital 1 sphenoid 1 ethmoid

Question 36

Functional classification of joints

Answer 36

Bony joint, or synostosis Fibrous joints, or synarthrosis Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

Question 37

Example of fibrous joints

Answer 37

Suture

Question 38

Example of cartaginous joints

Answer 38

Synchondrosis (between ribs and sternum, between pubis)

Question 39

Synovial joints

Answer 39

Most familiar joint, most are freely mobile, most structurally complex (Phalanx)

Question 40

Types of synovial joints

Answer 40

Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condylar joint Saddle joint Ball-and-socket joint

Question 41

Flexion and extension

Answer 41

Flexion decreases joint angle (like raising hand to shoulder) Extension is putting arm straight. Straightens jount

Question 42

Hyperextension, extension, flexion

Answer 42

Hand up, hand straight, hand down

Question 43

Abduction and adduction

Answer 43

Abduction is moving limbs away from resting area and adduction is adding back to resting area

Question 44

ROM determined by

Answer 44

Structure of the articular surface Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules Action of the muscles and tendons

Question 45

Protraction and retraction

Answer 45

Protract, to bring forward, retract is to bring back

Question 46

Circumduction

Answer 46

Circular motion she appendage remains stationary

Question 47

Rotation

Answer 47

Bone spins on its longitudinal axis (rotation of head)

Question 48

Supination and pronation

Answer 48

Supination turns palms up and pronation turns them down