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A&P LECTURE > Chapter 6-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-9 Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of epithelial membranes

A

Cutaneous membranes,
Mucous membranes,
Serious membranes

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2
Q

Connective tissue membranes (one type)

A

Synovial membranes

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3
Q

Specific serous membranes (three types)

A

Peritoneum (abdominal cavity)
Pleura (around the lungs)
Pericardium (around the heart)

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4
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer (upper)
Reticular layer (deeper)

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5
Q

What plays a role in body temperature regulation?

A

Blood vessels

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6
Q

What is carotene

A

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

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7
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries.
Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

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8
Q

The two types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

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9
Q

What is an eccrine gland

A

Open via duct to lose on skin surface
Produce sweat (clear)

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10
Q

What is an apocrine gland

A

Ducts empty into hair follicles
Begin to function at puberty
Release sweat that so contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)

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11
Q

Hair shaft, which is which?

A

First is cuticle, then cortex, the. Medulla

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12
Q

Rule of 9s

A

Way to determine the extent of burns, bost is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation, each area represents about 9% of total body surface area

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13
Q

Burn is considered critical

A

Over 25% of body has second-degree burns
Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
There are third degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

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14
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant, most common type, arises from stratum basale

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15
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Believed to be sun-induced
Arises from stratum spinosum

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16
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Most deadly skin cancer
Cancer of melanocytes
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surface

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18
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing flat bone
Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

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19
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Seen in adult bones

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20
Q

Marrow (medullary) cavity

A

Cavity inside shaft,
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

21
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

23
Q

Lacunae

A

Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface

25
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone

26
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Released when blood calcium levels are low
Activates osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium ions into the blood

27
Q

What is hypercalcemia

A

Is high blood calcium levels and it prompts calcium storage to bones

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by C cells (clear cells) of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise too high

29
Q

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium concentration in two ways:

A

Inhibits osteoclasts thereby reducing bone resorption
Stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone

30
Q

Types of bone fractures (four types)

A

Closed (simple)
Open (compound)
Stress
Pathological

31
Q

How you get each type of fracture

A

Closed fracture is a break that does not penetrate skin
Open fracture is broken bone that penetrates through skin
Stress fracture is a break caused by trauma
Pathological fractures is a break in a bone weakened by disease

32
Q

Repair process of bone fractures

A

Hematoma
Finrkcartilage callus forms
Bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus
Bone removing occurs in response to mechanic stresses

33
Q

Common types of fractures (what actually happens to bone)

A

Comminuted: bone breaks into many fragments
Compression: bone is crushed
Depressed: broken bone portion is pressed inward
Impacted: broken bone ends are force info each other
Spiral: ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces add applied to a bone
Greenstick: bone breaks incompletely

34
Q

How many bones in the skull

A

22

35
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones

A

1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid

36
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Bony joint, or synostosis
Fibrous joints, or synarthrosis
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

37
Q

Example of fibrous joints

A

Suture

38
Q

Example of cartaginous joints

A

Synchondrosis (between ribs and sternum, between pubis)

39
Q

Synovial joints

A

Most familiar joint, most are freely mobile, most structurally complex
(Phalanx)

40
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint

41
Q

Flexion and extension

A

Flexion decreases joint angle (like raising hand to shoulder)
Extension is putting arm straight. Straightens jount

42
Q

Hyperextension, extension, flexion

A

Hand up, hand straight, hand down

43
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Abduction is moving limbs away from resting area and adduction is adding back to resting area

44
Q

ROM determined by

A

Structure of the articular surface
Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
Action of the muscles and tendons

45
Q

Protraction and retraction

A

Protract, to bring forward, retract is to bring back

46
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular motion she appendage remains stationary

47
Q

Rotation

A

Bone spins on its longitudinal axis (rotation of head)

48
Q

Supination and pronation

A

Supination turns palms up and pronation turns them down

A&P LECTURE (4 decks)

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