Chapter 6

Question 1

collaboration

Answer 1

• working together
• involves exchanging information, modifying activities in light of others’ needs, sharing resources, and enhancing the capacity of others to achieve mutual benefit and realize common goals or purposes

Question 2

co-ordination

Answer 2

is the effective or -harmonious adjustment

-harmonious working together of different departments, groups, and individuals

Question 3

collaboration and co-ordination

Answer 3

• Collaboration is needed within, between, and among organizations
• Once collaboration is agreed to, then co-ordination can take place
• Collaboration is increasingly accepted as desirable, but it is not always accepted or endorsed by everyone

Question 4

stakeholders and participatory approaches

Answer 4

Manitoba passed its Sustainable Development Act in 1998
–Developed principles and guidelines for sustainable development
–Public participation was recognized explicitly
–Consensus among citizens regarding decisions affecting them

Question 5

degrees of sharing in decision making

Answer 5

• During the 1980s, dissatisfaction with the process, methods, and products associated with many resource and environmental management decisions began to rise
• Out of this situation came the idea that ‘stakeholders’ had a right to participate in decisions

Question 6

stakeholders

Answer 6

• Stakeholders are those who should be included because of their direct interest, including:
• any public agency with prescribed management responsibilities;
• all interests significantly affected by a decision;
• all parties who might intervene in the decision-making process to facilitate, block, or delay it.

Question 7

partnerships

Answer 7

The idea of partnerships among governments, private companies, and the general public has become increasingly popular

Question 8

co-management

Answer 8

The partnership concept has been implemented through co-management initiatives and other approaches that reflect a real redistribution of power to citizens and away from elected officials or technical experts

Question 9

communication 3 purposes

Answer 9

At an international conference focused on ‘climate change communication’, organizers observed that communication has three main purposes:

1. raise awareness;
2. confer understanding; and
3. motivate action.
   - To overcome communication challenges, we must recognize that a range of target audiences exist, such as scientists, planners and managers, elected decision-makers, and the general public

Question 10

creation of messages

Answer 10

We should ensure that messages are created with regard to who the target audience will be and what their level of understanding is
-While it is important to achieve understanding of natural and human systems and their interactions, it is also important to determine how this knowledge and insight can be shared with others

Question 11

EIA (environemental impact assessment)

Answer 11

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the part of the impact assessment that identifies and predicts the impacts from development proposals on both the biophysical environment and on human health and well-being
-Risk assessment underlies impact assessment, since it focuses on determining the probability of an environmentally or socially negative event of some specified magnitude, like an oil spill

Question 12

precautionary principle

Answer 12

• Since risks have to be estimated, calculations may be incorrect
• To address this problem, the precautionary principle was endorsed
• The precautionary principle is a guideline stating that when there is a possibility of serious or irreversible environmental damage resulting from a course of action, lack of scientific certainty is not an acceptable reason for postponing a measure to prevent environmental degradation or for assuming that damage in the future can be rectified by some kind of technological fix

Question 13

challenges in impact assessment

Answer 13

• People conducting impact assessment have to balance technical matters and value judgments
• Impact assessment involves the thorough consideration of the effects of a project that takes into account its potential and probable impacts on the environment and on a society or a community and that assess the technology proposed for the project as well as the technology available for dealing with any negative impacts

Question 14

types of initiatives to be assessed

Answer 14

• In Canada and most other countries, impact assessments have primarily been conducted for development and waste management projects
• It has been argued that impact assessments could and should be completed for policies and programs as well
• The argument in favour of this approach, called strategic environmental assessment (SEA), is that projects are often simply the means of implementing policies and programs

Question 15

strategic environmental assessment

Answer 15

• Strategic environmental assessment focuses on policies, plans, and programs (PPPs) in order to integrate environmental considerations at the earliest possible stage of decision-making
• SEA occurs before development decisions are made and when alternative futures and options for the development are still open
• Emphasis is on opportunities, regions, and sectors as opposed to projects

Question 16

when impact assessments should be done

Answer 16

• The creators of the environmental impact assessment had intended that EIA would be used with other analyses to determine the appropriateness of development proposals and to help in the design of mitigation measures
• However, EIAs often end up being conducted after the basic decision regarding whether or not the project will be carried out
• It has become a tool for establishing which mitigation measures could be used to address negative impacts

Question 17

determining the significance of impacts and effects

Answer 17

• It is difficult to determine the significance or implications of impacts and effects
• Such a determination may be affected by place and time, cultural backgrounds, or different ideologies
• One of the major challenges in determining ‘significance’ is that the issues in a dispute do not lend themselves to a monetary valuation; instead, they are characterized by intangible features

Question 18

inadequate understanding of ecosystems

Answer 18

• The scientific understanding of ecosystems is often complete
• Even the most basic ecological concepts are not without problems
• To address in part the problem of incomplete information and understanding, Nakashima (1990) argued that more use should be made of indigenous knowledge or traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
• Given the incomplete understanding and inadequate data that is a part of impact assessment, the adaptive environmental management approach is attractive, as it emphasizes learning by trial and error and its acceptance of uncertainty

Question 19

dispute resolution

Answer 19

-In an environmental context, conflicts may arise as a result of either substantive or procedural issues
-Conflicts over resource management have often become high-profile news issues in Canada
For example, the dispute between the Six Nations people and developers in Caledonia
-Whether conflict is negative or positive, we should accept the legitimacy of conflict and recognize that environmental planning and management can often serve as a process for resolving conflicts

Question 20

approaches to handling disputes

Answer 20

•Disputes usually centre on three key issues:
1.Rights
2.Interests
3.Power
•The traditional way of dealing with disputes are political, administrative, and judicial
•One alternative to the judicial approach is alternative dispute resolution (ADR), which emphasizes the interests and needs of the parties involved

Question 21

types of alternative dispute resolution

Answer 21

-Specific types of ADR include public consultation, negotiation, mediation, and arbitration
-Public consultation involves the concepts of partnership and delegated power
-Negotiation is one of the two main types of ADR
-Negotiation occurs when two or more parties involved in a dispute join in a voluntary, joint exploration of issues with the goal of reaching a mutually acceptable agreement
Mediation is the second main type of ADR
-It is a negotiation process guided by a facilitator (mediator)
-Arbitration differs quite a bit from negotiation and mediation because it usually involves stakeholders accepting a third party with the responsibility to make a decision on the issue(s) in conflict

Question 22

regional and land use planning

Answer 22

• Regional and land-use planning represents a process and a product, and ideally the product (or plan) reflects a vision of how development should occur in a region
• The context within which a resource management plan must function can be expected to change
• It is important to link resource management plans to land-use plans, since both sets of plans can be reviewed and updated at the same time

Question 23

implications

Answer 23

• The approaches discussed in this chapter represent what many would view as ideals for resource and environmental management regarding processes and methods.
• Awareness of all of these processes, and methods, as well as sensitivity to them, will help to generate diverse ways to define, frame, and solve problems