Chapter 6

Question 1

According to Erikson’s theory, when __________, the psychological conflict of the first year is resolved on the positive side.

Answer 1

the balance of care is sympathetic and loving

Question 2

Two-year-old Eva’s parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding. They provide suitable guidance and reassurance. According to Erikson’s theory, Eva will develop __________ as a result.

Answer 2

autonomy

Question 3

Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent’s communication with the infant evokes __________.

Answer 3

the social smile

Question 4

Baby Sabrina’s first laugh will probably appear around __________.

Answer 4

3 to 4 months

Question 5

From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________.

Answer 5

increase in both frequency and intensity

Question 6

Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.

Answer 6

sadness; anger

Question 7

When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie’s assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

Answer 7

stranger anxiety

Question 8

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it __________.

Answer 8

keeps newly mobile babies’ enthusiasm for exploration in check

Question 9

Once wariness develops, infants __________.

Answer 9

use the familiar caregiver as a secure base

Question 10

Shortly after giving birth to Max, Tanisha’s mood plunged. She felt anxious, weepy, overwhelmed, and angry at loss of control over her own schedule. As a result of Tanisha’s postpartum depression, Max probably __________.

Answer 10

sleeps poorly

Question 11

Research on maternal depression shows that __________.

Answer 11

depressed mothers view their infants negatively, which contributes to their inept caregiving

Question 12

Infants’ emotional expressions are __________.

Answer 12

closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others

Question 13

Emotional self-regulation __________.

Answer 13

requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions

Question 14

Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to __________.

Answer 14

temperament

Question 15

Joh is inactive and negative in mood. He shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. In Thomas and Chess’s research, Joh would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Answer 15

slow-to-warm-up

Question 16

In Thomas and Chess’s New York Longitudinal Study, 35 percent of the children __________.

Answer 16

did not fit any of the categories

Question 17

Individual differences in __________ contribute to the contrasting temperaments of shyness and sociability.

Answer 17

arousal of the amygdala

Question 18

About half of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to __________.

Answer 18

genetic makeup

Question 19

In the Strange Situation, infants with insecure-avoidant attachment __________.

Answer 19

seem unresponsive to the parent when the parent is present

Question 20

The __________ attachment pattern reflects the greatest insecurity.

Answer 20

disorganized/disoriented

Question 21

In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.

Answer 21

secure

Question 22

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

Answer 22

Sensitive caregiving

Question 23

Cross-cultural research suggests that attachment security depends on __________.

Answer 23

attentive caregiving

Question 24

Mothers tend to devote more time to __________, fathers to __________.

Answer 24

physical care; playful interaction

Question 25

Between 12 and 18 months, toddlers first become capable of __________.

Answer 25

compliance