Chapter 5: Infancy and Childhood (Cognitive)

Question 1

According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.

Answer 1

an organized way of making sense of experience

Question 2

Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was __________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.

Answer 2

assimilating

Question 3

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently, and some with force. Laura’s modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.

Answer 3

accommodation

Question 4

Piaget’s __________ stage is the most complex period of development.

Answer 4

sensorimotor

Question 5

A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.

Answer 5

circular reaction

Question 6

In Piaget’s theory, __________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.

Answer 6

newborn reflexes

Question 7

In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.

Answer 7

sensory register

Question 8

__________ can be thought of as a “mental workspace” that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.

Answer 8

Working memory

Question 9

The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.

Answer 9

central executive

Question 10

__________ believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.

Answer 10

Lev Vygotsky

Question 11

The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to __________.

Answer 11

a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners

Question 12

Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.

Answer 12

perceptual and motor responses

Question 13

Make-believe, like other complex mental activities, is __________.

Answer 13

first learned under the guidance of experts

Question 14

In cultures where play is viewed as solely a child’s activity and sibling caregiving is common, make-believe is more frequent and complex with __________ than with __________.

Answer 14

older siblings; mothers

Question 15

Dr. Smirnov is interested in measuring infant intelligence as a predictor of preschool mental test performance. He should use __________.

Answer 15

the Bayley-III Cognitive and Language Scales

Question 16

Infant intelligence tests are somewhat better at making long-term predictions for __________ babies.

Answer 16

extremely low-scoring

Question 17

The extent to which parents __________ contributes strongly to early language progress.

Answer 17

talk to infants and toddlers

Question 18

Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills during the preschool, elementary, and secondary school years.

Answer 18

poor-quality; cognitive, language, academic, and social

Question 19

Middle-income parents are especially likely to place their children in __________ child-care settings, where quality tends to be lowest.

Answer 19

for-profit

Question 20

Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of __________.

Answer 20

cooing

Question 21

Which statement is supported by research on babbling?

Answer 21

For babbling to fully develop, infants must be able to hear human speech.

Question 22

Sixteen-month-old Grayson uses the word “puppy” only to refer to his family’s dog. This is an example of __________.

Answer 22

underextension

Question 23

Alice calls untying her shoelaces “opening” her shoes. This is an example of __________.

Answer 23

overextension

Question 24

__________ are slightly ahead of __________ in early vocabulary growth.

Answer 24

Girls; boys

Question 25

Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation __________.

Answer 25

create a zone of proximal development in which children’s language expands