Chapter 5: Infancy and Childhood (Cognitive) Flashcards
According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.
an organized way of making sense of experience
Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was __________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.
assimilating
Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently, and some with force. Laura’s modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.
accommodation
Piaget’s __________ stage is the most complex period of development.
sensorimotor
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.
circular reaction
In Piaget’s theory, __________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.
newborn reflexes
In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.
sensory register
__________ can be thought of as a “mental workspace” that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
Working memory
The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
central executive
__________ believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.
Lev Vygotsky
The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to __________.
a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.
perceptual and motor responses
Make-believe, like other complex mental activities, is __________.
first learned under the guidance of experts
In cultures where play is viewed as solely a child’s activity and sibling caregiving is common, make-believe is more frequent and complex with __________ than with __________.
older siblings; mothers
Dr. Smirnov is interested in measuring infant intelligence as a predictor of preschool mental test performance. He should use __________.
the Bayley-III Cognitive and Language Scales
Infant intelligence tests are somewhat better at making long-term predictions for __________ babies.
extremely low-scoring
The extent to which parents __________ contributes strongly to early language progress.
talk to infants and toddlers
Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills during the preschool, elementary, and secondary school years.
poor-quality; cognitive, language, academic, and social
Middle-income parents are especially likely to place their children in __________ child-care settings, where quality tends to be lowest.
for-profit
Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of __________.
cooing
Which statement is supported by research on babbling?
For babbling to fully develop, infants must be able to hear human speech.
Sixteen-month-old Grayson uses the word “puppy” only to refer to his family’s dog. This is an example of __________.
underextension
Alice calls untying her shoelaces “opening” her shoes. This is an example of __________.
overextension
__________ are slightly ahead of __________ in early vocabulary growth.
Girls; boys
