Chapter 6-8 biological domain

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

the complete set of genes an organism pocesses

Question 2

Alleles

Answer 2

different versions of the same gene

Question 3

DNA-consist of 4…

Answer 3

nitrogen bases:

1. Adenine
2. Thymine
3. Guanine
4. Cytosine

Question 4

Genetic junk

Answer 4

provides structural integrity or regulate protein production, potentially affecting everything from a person’s physical size to personality

Question 5

Eugenics

Answer 5

design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and discouraging the reproduction of persons without those traits.

Question 6

Phenotypic variance

Answer 6

observed individual differences

Question 7

Genotypic variance

Answer 7

individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by each person

Question 8

Heritability of the big five

Answer 8

40%

Question 9

Heritability of smoking

Answer 9

44%

Question 10

Alcohol drinking-alcoholism

Answer 10

0.21-0.56—0.5+

Question 11

Genotype-environment interaction

Answer 11

the differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environment; individual differences interact with the environment to affect performance

Question 12

Genotype-environment correlation

Answer 12

the differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments; three types

1. Passive genotype-environment correlation: when parents provide both genes and the environment to children
2. Evocative/reactive genotype-environment correlation: occurs when others respond to the children differently, depending on the childs genotype
3. Active genotype-environment correlation: occurs when a person with a particular genotype creates of seeks out to a particular environment

Question 13

DRD4

Answer 13

Dopamine receptor D4.
Located on chromosome 11.
Involved in novelty seeking.

Question 14

Extraversion -brain area

Answer 14

medial orbitofrontal cortex (reward processing)

Question 15

Neuroticism -brain area

Answer 15

posterior hippocampus, portions of basal ganglia and midbrain (areas associated with negative affect and threat)

Question 16

Conscientiousness -brain area

Answer 16

Lateral prefrontal cortex (planning and behavioral control)

Question 17

telemetry

Answer 17

new generation of electrodes, overcome limited movement; process by which electrical signals are sent from the participant to the recording device

Question 18

cardiac reactivity

Answer 18

increase blood pressure and heart rate during a serial subtraction task while the experimenter pressures to go faster

Question 19

Cortisol

Answer 19

a by-product of the hormone noradrenaline; high level linked to shyness

Question 20

MAO

Answer 20

An enzyme to regulate neurotransmitters; causal factor in sensation seeking

Question 21

ARAS

Answer 21

structure in brain stem; control overall cortisol arousal. Introverts higher levels of activity in ARAS.

Question 22

Reinforcement sensitivity theory

Answer 22

Jeffrey Gray; two biological systems

1. BAS-Behavioral activation system: when BAS recognizes a stimulus as potentially rewarding, it triggers approach behavior.
2. BIS-Behavioral inhibition system: responsive to cues of punishment, frustration, and uncertainty; BIS activation inhibit behavior

Question 23

Dopamine

Answer 23

associated with pleasure

Question 24

Serotonin

Answer 24

role in depression and other mood disorders

Question 25

Norepinephrine

Answer 25

Involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight mode

Question 26

Cloninger's tridimensional personality model

Answer 26

1. Novelty seeking; based on low levels of dopamine 2. Harm avoidance; associated with abnormalities in serotonin metabolism; people low in harm avoidance are described as energetic, outgoing, and optimistic, high in harm avoidance;n shy, cautious 3. Reward dependence; related to low levels of norepinephrine; people high on reward dependence are persistent, continue to act in ways that produce rewards.

Question 27

Circadian rhythms

Answer 27

An approx. 24-hour cycle; important: body temperature and endocrine secretion

Question 28

Free running in time

Answer 28

Not adjusted to any cycle.

Question 29

Three premises of evolutionary psychology

Answer 29

1. Domain specificity; designed to solve adaptation problem 2. Numerousness; we have numerous adaptation mechanisms; the human mind, our evolved psychology 3. Functionality; notion that our psychological mechanisms are designed to accomplish particular adaptive goals.

Question 30

deductive reasoning approach

Answer 30

top-down driven process; if data fail to support predictions, then the middle-level theory from which they derive is called into question

Question 31

inductive reasoning process

Answer 31

bottom-up process; the phenomenon is first observed, then researchers develop a theory to fit observations

Question 32

Social pain theory

Answer 32

suggest that reactions to social exclusion and social behavior in general are regulated by a general threat-defence system that prepares the organism for potentially harmful situations

Question 33

Seven universal emotions

Answer 33

1. happiness, 2. disgust 3. fear. 4. surprise, 5. disgust, 6. sadness, 7. contempt

Question 34

Reactively heritability

Answer 34

tendency toward aggression is not heritable but a secondary consequence of heritable body build