Chapter 6-8 biological domain Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of genes an organism pocesses

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2
Q

Alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

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3
Q

DNA-consist of 4…

A

nitrogen bases:

  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
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4
Q

Genetic junk

A

provides structural integrity or regulate protein production, potentially affecting everything from a person’s physical size to personality

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5
Q

Eugenics

A

design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and discouraging the reproduction of persons without those traits.

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6
Q

Phenotypic variance

A

observed individual differences

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7
Q

Genotypic variance

A

individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by each person

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8
Q

Heritability of the big five

A

40%

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9
Q

Heritability of smoking

A

44%

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10
Q

Alcohol drinking-alcoholism

A

0.21-0.56—0.5+

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11
Q

Genotype-environment interaction

A

the differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environment; individual differences interact with the environment to affect performance

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12
Q

Genotype-environment correlation

A

the differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments; three types

  1. Passive genotype-environment correlation: when parents provide both genes and the environment to children
  2. Evocative/reactive genotype-environment correlation: occurs when others respond to the children differently, depending on the childs genotype
  3. Active genotype-environment correlation: occurs when a person with a particular genotype creates of seeks out to a particular environment
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13
Q

DRD4

A

Dopamine receptor D4.
Located on chromosome 11.
Involved in novelty seeking.

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14
Q

Extraversion -brain area

A

medial orbitofrontal cortex (reward processing)

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15
Q

Neuroticism -brain area

A

posterior hippocampus, portions of basal ganglia and midbrain (areas associated with negative affect and threat)

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16
Q

Conscientiousness -brain area

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex (planning and behavioral control)

17
Q

telemetry

A

new generation of electrodes, overcome limited movement; process by which electrical signals are sent from the participant to the recording device

18
Q

cardiac reactivity

A

increase blood pressure and heart rate during a serial subtraction task while the experimenter pressures to go faster

19
Q

Cortisol

A

a by-product of the hormone noradrenaline; high level linked to shyness

20
Q

MAO

A

An enzyme to regulate neurotransmitters; causal factor in sensation seeking

21
Q

ARAS

A

structure in brain stem; control overall cortisol arousal. Introverts higher levels of activity in ARAS.

22
Q

Reinforcement sensitivity theory

A

Jeffrey Gray; two biological systems

  1. BAS-Behavioral activation system: when BAS recognizes a stimulus as potentially rewarding, it triggers approach behavior.
  2. BIS-Behavioral inhibition system: responsive to cues of punishment, frustration, and uncertainty; BIS activation inhibit behavior
23
Q

Dopamine

A

associated with pleasure

24
Q

Serotonin

A

role in depression and other mood disorders

25
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight mode

26
Q

Cloninger’s tridimensional personality model

A
  1. Novelty seeking; based on low levels of dopamine
  2. Harm avoidance; associated with abnormalities in serotonin metabolism; people low in harm avoidance are described as energetic, outgoing, and optimistic, high in harm avoidance;n shy, cautious
  3. Reward dependence; related to low levels of norepinephrine; people high on reward dependence are persistent, continue to act in ways that produce rewards.
27
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

An approx. 24-hour cycle; important: body temperature and endocrine secretion

28
Q

Free running in time

A

Not adjusted to any cycle.

29
Q

Three premises of evolutionary psychology

A
  1. Domain specificity; designed to solve adaptation problem
  2. Numerousness; we have numerous adaptation mechanisms; the human mind, our evolved psychology
  3. Functionality; notion that our psychological mechanisms are designed to accomplish particular adaptive goals.
30
Q

deductive reasoning approach

A

top-down driven process; if data fail to support predictions, then the middle-level theory from which they derive is called into question

31
Q

inductive reasoning process

A

bottom-up process; the phenomenon is first observed, then researchers develop a theory to fit observations

32
Q

Social pain theory

A

suggest that reactions to social exclusion and social behavior in general are regulated by a general threat-defence system that prepares the organism for potentially harmful situations

33
Q

Seven universal emotions

A
  1. happiness, 2. disgust 3. fear. 4. surprise, 5. disgust, 6. sadness, 7. contempt
34
Q

Reactively heritability

A

tendency toward aggression is not heritable but a secondary consequence of heritable body build