Chapter 1-5 Dispositional domain Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of personality

A

Personality is a set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his/her interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical and social environment.

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2
Q

How can you study personality? 6 perspectives

A
  1. Dispositional domain-Traits a person is born with
  2. Biological domain-Biological events(genetics, psychophysiology & evolution)
  3. Intrapsychic domain-Conflicts within the mind(unconscious)
  4. Cognitive/experimental domain-Cognition and subjective experiences, intelligence, emotions
  5. Social & cultural domain-Position in the world, personality affected by cultural context.
  6. Adjustment domain-Adjustments a person have to do in their daily life, personality disorders
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3
Q

A good theory fulfill…(3)

A
  1. Provide a guide for researchers
  2. Organize known findings
  3. Make predictions
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4
Q

Nomothetic research

A

Statistical comparisons between groups of people. Typically used for identifying human characteristics and group differences.

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5
Q

Idiographic research

A

Focuses on a single object, trying to observe general principles that are manifested in a single life, over time.

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6
Q

Three levels of personality analysis

A
  1. Like all others (the human nature level)
  2. Like some others (the level of individual & group differences)
  3. Like no other (the individual uniqueness level)
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7
Q

S-data

A

Self-report data
Pro’s: People have a lot of information about themselves.
Consequences:
-Social desirability(exaggerate)
-Lack of self-knowledge
-Lack of motivation (Boring questions->stop caring about the questions)

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8
Q

O-data

A

Observer-report data
Observers gather data about the person’s personality
Advantages:
-Acess to information which cannot be gathered through other sources
-Multiple observers can observe (inter-rater reliability: degree of agreement of multiple observers)
Professional observers
Intimate observers
Naturalistic:
-Secure info in realistic setting, not able to control events
Artificial:
-Control the event. sacrificing realism

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9
Q

T-data

A

Test data
-Standardized tests
-Person can control the situation->Higher power
Participant unaware of what is measured
Possible consequences:
-Participants might try to guess what trait is
being measured
› Researcher might influence how participants
behave

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10
Q

L-data

A

Life-outcome data (L-data)
› Results or “residue” of personality
 Info that can be derived from events, activities, and
outcomes in a person’s life that are available for public
scrutiny
 e.g., marriage, speeding tickets
› Can serve as important source of “real life”
information about the personality

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11
Q

Psychological traits

A

Characteristics that describe ways in which people are different from each other

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12
Q

trait-descriptive adjectives

A

Adjectives that can be used to describe people (thoughtful, charming)

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13
Q

Actigraph

A

A modified self-winding watch, strapped to legs or arms. Assess personality differences in activity or energy level

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14
Q

Triangulation

A

strategy of personality assessment and personality research that examines results that överskrider data sources

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15
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies. allows researchers to calculate with greater objectivity and precision whether a particular difference between groups of people is consistent across studies

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16
Q

Respond set

A

Tendency to respond to a questionnaire unrelated to the question

17
Q

Acquiescence

A

The tendency to simply agree with with the all questions

18
Q

Three levels of personality analysis

A
  1. Like all others-universals
  2. Like some others-particulars
  3. Like no others-uniqueness
19
Q

Five scientific standards for evaluating personality theories

A
  1. Comprehensiveness
  2. Heuristic value
  3. Testability
  4. Parsimony
  5. Compatibility and integration across domains and levels
20
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observers witness and record event that occurs in the normal course of the lives of their participants

21
Q

fMRI

A

identify the areas of the brain that light up when performing certain tasks

22
Q

Five validities

A
  1. Face validity- does the test measure what it is supposed to?
  2. Criterion validity- whether the test predicts criteria external to the test
  3. Convergent validity- whether a test correlated with other measures that it should correlate with?
  4. Discriminant validity- is often evaluated simultaneously with convergent validity; to what a measure should not correlate with
  5. Constructs validity- a test that measures what it claims to measure, correlates with what it should correlate with
23
Q

Act nomination

A

a procedure designed to identify which acts belong in which category

24
Q

Lexical approach

A

All important individual differences have become encoded within the natural language.

  1. Synonym frequency: lots of words for one attribute
  2. Cross-cultural universality: if a trait is sufficiently important in all cultures that its members have confided terms to describe the trait then the trait must be universally important in human affairs.
25
Q

Eysenck’s hierarchical model of personality

A
Rooted in biology
PEN
1.P: psychoticism
2.E: extraversion-introversion
3.N: neuroticism-emotional stability
26
Q

Five factor model

A
  1. Openess/intellect
  2. Conscientiousness: responsible, quitting etc.
  3. Extraversion: talkative-silent, sociable etc.
  4. Agreeableness: Jealous, gentle, co-operative etc.
  5. Neurotisicm/emotional stability: calm-anxious, nervous/tense
    OCEAN
27
Q

Situationism

A

Mischel: Behavior differ from situation to situation

28
Q

Aggregation

A

The process of adding up, or averaging, several single observations

29
Q

Three most important forms of stability

A
  1. Rank order stability: Maintainance of individual position in a group
  2. Mean level stability: The average level of characteristics remain the same with increasing age of the population
  3. Personality Coherence: Maintaining rank order in relation to other individual but changing the manifestation of the trait
30
Q

The person-environment interaction depends on four characteristics

A
  1. Perceptions: How we see or interpret situations
  2. Selection: In which we choose situations to enter/occur
  3. Evocations: The reactions that we produce in others, often quite unintentionally
  4. Manipulations: The ways in which we are trying to influence other people.
31
Q

What does intrapsychic mean?

A

Within the mind

32
Q

What is the defintion of comprehensiveness? (Five standards for evaluating personality theories)

A

Explains most or all known facts

33
Q

What is the definition of Heuristic value? (Five standards for evaluating personality theories)

A

Guides reseachers to important new discoveries.

34
Q

What is the definition of Testability? (Five standards for evaluating personality theories)

A

Makes precise predictions that can be emperically tested.

35
Q

What is the definition of Parsimony? (Five standards for evaluating personality theories)

A

Contains few premises or assumptions.

36
Q

What is the definition of compatibility and integration? (Five standards for evaluating personality theories)

A

Consistent with what is known in other domains; can be co-ordinated with other branches of scientific knowlegde.