Chapter 6 Flashcards
Can you describe the structure and characteristics of skeletal cartilage?
Resilient
-Shock-absorbing
-Avascular
-Not innervated
Surrounded by a dense irregular CT covering called the perichondrium, which is vascular and resists outward expansion
-Cartilage also contains chondrocyte cells surrounded by lacuna
List the three types of skeletal cartilage, their functions and give examples of where in the body each is found?
Hyaline - named based on the location of the cartilage in the bod; resporatory, articular, nasal and costal. resilient has a ‘glassy” matrix due to very thin fibers in its matrix
Elastic - only two places in the body - outer ear and epiglottis. Flexiable due to increased elasti fibers in the matrix
Fibrocartilage - excellenet for resisting compression and absorbing shock. found in three places in the body - menisic of the knee, intervertebral disks and public symphysis. wavy collagen fibers and chondrocytes found in rows
Name the four subcategories of hyaline cartilage and where they are found in the body?`
Nasal - flexible portion of outer nose
Respiratory - Trachea and larynx
Costal - Rib cage - attaches ribs to sternum,
Articular - joints (found at the ends of long bones)
What are the two main location classifications of the bones in the body? What is the general function of the bones in these two categories?
Axial - Along the axis of the body (Skull, vertebral column and rib cage) These bones protect organs, support body tissue and allow the appendages to attach.
Appendicular - Bones of the limbs and their girdles. These bones are responsible for locomotion and manipulation of the environment
LIst four shapes in which bones are classified and give an example for each?
Long - the bone is longer than it is wide and has a cylindrical shape (Humerus, Femur, Radius, Tibia)
Short - roughly cube-shaped. (carpals and tarsals of the wrist and ankles, respectively)
Flat - these bones may be longer than wide, but are flattened, not cylindrical ( cranial bones and the sternum)
Irregular - Bones have a complicated shape and do not fit the previous categories (Vertebrae)
List and describe the five functions of bones?
Support - provides a framework for the rest of the body’s tissues
Protect - Encloses vital organs such as the brain, heart and lungs
Movement - Works with the muscular system for locomotion and manipulation of the environment
Mineral and growth factor storage - Stores calcium and phosphates and some hormones for when the body may need them
Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis occurs in the marrow of bones
Tuberosity (marking)
Medium rougheden bump - Attachment
Crest (marking)
ridge of a bone - attachment
trochanter (marking)
Large roughened bump - attachment
Line (marking)
Thin narrow ridge - Attachment
Tubercle (marking)
Small roughened bump - Attachment
Epicondyle (marking)
Roughened bump above a condlye - Attachment
Spine (marking)
Narrow ridge
Process (marking)
any bony projection of a bone that doesnt fit any of the above - Attachment
Head (marking)
Bony expansion sitting on a narrow neck - Joint
Facet (marking)
nearly flat surface - Joint
Condyle (marking)
Rounded end of a bone - Joint
Ramus (marking)
Arm-like bar of a bone - Joint
Meatus (marking)
Canal-like passage - Conduit
Sinus (marking)
Air-like passage - Conduit
Fossa (marking)
Shallow bowl-like depression - Joint/condiut
Groove (marking)
furrow - Conduit
Fissure (marking)
Slit-like opening - Conduit
Foramen (marking)
Round or oval opening - Conduit
List and describe the two types of bone texture?
Compact - Smooth, dense. form outer layers of bone
Spongy (cancellous) - appears like a sponge or honeycomb. formed by structures called trabeculae. contains marrow
Long bone structure Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
Long bone structure Epiphysis
Widened end of the bone
Long bone structure Medullary Cavity
Center, hollow part of the diaphusis contains marrow (red or yellow)
Long bone structure Epiphyseal plate
Hyaline cartilage bar between the diaphysis and epiphysis for bone growth. Called “line: after growth
Long bone structure Periosteum
CT wrapping of bones that is vascular and innervated
Long bone structure Endosteum
Membrane lining of the medullary cavity inside of the bone
Describe the structure of flat, irregular and short bones?
Compact bone surfaces with diploe (spongy bone) inner portion
What is Diploe?
simple spongy bone of a flat, short, or irregular bone
Osteon
Repeating cylindrical units of compact bone
Lamella
concentric rings of matrix that form the osteons
Haversian (central) canal
hollow longitudinal canal of the osteon that contains blood vessel
Volkmann’s canal
horizontal canals that connect the central canals of each osteons
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacuna
Lacuna
Small space surrounding the osteocyte
Canaliculi
microscopic tiny canals that allow the diffusion of ntrients from osteocyte to osteocyte
Describe the microscopic structure of spongy bone?
Microscopic, thin pieces of bone caled “trabeculae” that five a honeycomb appearance. no concentric lamellae (they are irrugularly shape). osteocytes still in lacuna. spaces between trabecula are filled with marrow
