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Anatomical Structure and Function > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral, column, ribs, sternum

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper extremity (UE) and pectoral girdle
bones of lower extremity (LE) and pelvic girdle
126 bones

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3
Q

cranial bones

A

fused bones joined by sutures

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4
Q

foramina

A

tiny holes in skull

-allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through

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5
Q

sinuses

A

empty spaces
decreases weight of skull
add resonance to voice

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6
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone
attachment for muscle of mastification (chewing muscles)
tmj
mandibular condyle and temporal bones

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7
Q

vertebral column

A 
33 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
4 coccygeal (fused)
5 sacrum (fused)
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8
Q

vertebrae separated by…

A

intervertebral discs

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9
Q

intervertebral discs do what?

A
  • absorb shock

- allow bending

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10
Q

functions of spinal column

A

support skull and trunk
protects spinal cord
absorb stress
-provide attachment for limbs, thoracic cage and postural muscles

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11
Q

shape

A

C shaped at birth

slightly S shaped after age 3

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12
Q

lordosis

A

lumbar

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13
Q

kyphosis (hunch back)

A

throacic

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14
Q

vertebra foramen

A

allows spinal cord to pass

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15
Q

spinous process

A

posterior projection

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16
Q

transverse process

A

lateral projection

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17
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

first 7,
smallest and lightest
first 2 know as atlas (c1) and axis (c2)

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18
Q

axis (c2)

A

contains dens
odontoid process
pivot point for atlas

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19
Q

atlas (c1)

A

articulates with occipital bone

rotates on axis

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20
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A 
12 (T1-T12)
larger than cervical
articulate with ribs
spinous process longer, slope downward
ribs articulate with facets on the transverse process
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21
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A 
5 (L1-L5)
thick, heavy bodies
major support-lot of stress, weight
spinous process large and blunt
-large surface area for muscle attachment
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22
Q

sacrum

A

5, fused
posterior wall of pelvic girdle
anterior and posterior sacral foramina
-allow for blood vessel and nerve passage

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23
Q

coccyx (tailbone)

A 
most inferior (closest to foot) part of vertebral column
3-5 fused vertebrae, most common 4
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24
Q

sternum

A

breastbone
manubrium- T shaped, articulates with first 2 pairs of ribs
larger middle segment
xiphoid process- small inferior portion (cartilage)

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25
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs
1-7 true ribs- true connection through costal cartilage
8-12 false ribs- attachment by cartilage by superior ribs
last 2- floating ribs (no ant. attachment)

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26
Q

pectoral girdle

A

2 clavicles-“collar bone”

2 scapulae-“shoulder blades”

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27
Q

lateral clavicle

A

articulates with acromion process of scapula

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28
Q

medial clavicle

A

articulates with sternum/manubrium

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29
Q

scapulae

A

does NOT articulate with axial skeleton directly
spine runs on posterior surface
-glenoid cavity on lateral margin and articulates with humeral head
-coracoid(shoulder) process projects anteriorly under clavicle

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30
Q

humerous

A

round head that fits into glenoid cavity
greater and lesser tubercules- muscle attachments
intertubercular (bicipital) groove
deltoid tuberosity-deltoid attachment
two distal condyles- trochlea and capitulum

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31
Q

olecranon

A

-coronoid fossa- depression between epicondyles
receives coronoid process of ulna (flexion)
-olecranon fossa- posterior depression
receives the olecranon process of ulna (extension)

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32
Q

radius

A

proximal- radial head articulates with captiulum (humerous)

  • allows hand to rotate
  • pronation/supination
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33
Q

ulna

A

proximal end form olecranon process- elbow
trochlear notch articulates with trochlea (humerous)
radial notch
accommodates radial head
distal end head of ulna articulates with radius

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34
Q

carpals (hand)

A

8 wrist bones, proximal

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35
Q

metacarpals (hand)

A

5 bones of the hand, middle

36
Q

phalanges (hand)

A

bones of the fingers, distal

37
Q

pelvic girdle

A 
two coxal bones (hip bones)
articulates with sacrum posteriorly
       -sacroiliac joint (SI joint)
articulate with each other anteriorly
       -pubic symphysis
38
Q

female pelvic bone

A

light
wider, oval pelvic opening
angle>90 deg
acetabulum faces more anterior

39
Q

male pelvic bone

A

heavier
narrow/ heart shaped opening
angle <90
acetabulum faces laterally

40
Q

coxal bones

A 
formed by 3 fused bones
illium
ischium
pubis
joint at acetabulum
41
Q

femur

A

longest, strongest
proximal- head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter
head of femur fits into acetabulum
distal- epicondyles and condyles

42
Q

linea aspera

A

attachment for adductor muscles

43
Q

patella

A

encased in quadriceps tendon

-sesamoid bone

44
Q

tibia

A

weight bearing bone
proximal- lateral and medial condyles
-articulates with femur
tibial tuberosity: attachment for patellar tendon
distal-medial malleolus (ankle bone, inside)
-articulates with talus

45
Q

fibula

A

proximal- head articulates with tibia
NOT part of knee joint
distal- lateral malleolus
-articulates with tibia and talus

46
Q

tarsals

A 
7 bones
calcaneus- heel
talus-ankle
articulates with tibia and fibula above
articulates with calcaneus below
47
Q

metatarsals (foot)

A

5, support instep

48
Q

phalanges (foot)

A

toes
proximal, middle, distal
great toe, (hallax) proximal and distal only

49
Q

arches (foot)

A

medial and lateral (longitudinal)

transverse

50
Q

articulations

A

made up of

  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
  • synovial joints
51
Q

fibrous joints

A

no movement- synarthrosis
separated by thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
-skull joint by sutures
-radius and ulna joined by interosseous membrane
-teeth joined to jaw bones by gomphoses

52
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue

53
Q

sutures

A

seamlike immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull

54
Q

syndesmoses

A

immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue
-e.g., between the fibula and tibia at the ankle

55
Q

gomphoses

A

fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint

56
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

some movement- amphiarthrosis
separated by small layer of cartilage
-pubic symphysis
-intervertebral discs

57
Q

synovial joints

A

lots of movement- diarthosis
joint bound by articular capsule
moveable, more likely to injure

58
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

59
Q

tendons

A

muscle to bone

60
Q

synovial membrane lines capsules

A

secretes synovial fluid– lubricating joints

61
Q

synovial membrane lines capsules

A

secretes synovial fluid– lubricating joints

62
Q

ball and socket

A

shoulder
multi-axial
greatest degree of freedom/movement
rotational in any plane

63
Q

condyloid joint

A

biaxial
movement in 2 planes- side to side, back and forth
carpals, radius/ulna
concave/convex

64
Q

saddle joint

A

biaxial
convex/concave
movement side to side, back and forth
THUMB

65
Q

gliding joint

A

biaxial
articulate surfaces that are flat or slightly curved
slide over one surface
carpal bones, tarsal, clavicle/scapula

66
Q

hinge joint

A

monoaxial

elbow, knee, fingers

67
Q

pivot joint

A

monoaxial
atlas on axis
radius/ulna

68
Q

wolf’s law (fractures)

A

higher stress- stronger bone (increase diameter of bone)

lower stress- weaker bone

69
Q

rickets

A

weakening of femur, tibia, and fibula in children

caused by diet deficiency

70
Q

osteoporosis

A 
weakening of bones
lack of Ca+
increased risk of fracture
common in elderly
-decreased hormone production
-lack of activity
71
Q

athritis

A

inflammation, swelling, pain within joint capsule

72
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

auto immune (genetic)
75% primarily women
helped by exercise

73
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common

wear and tear

74
Q

herniated disk (dislocation)

A

intervertebral disk protrudes past vertebra

75
Q

sprain

A

stretching/ tearing of ligament at a joint

76
Q

bone diameter can _____ throughout life?

A

grow

77
Q

_________ ____ has to stay open for longitudinal bone growth to continue

A

epiphyseal plates

78
Q

osteoBLASTS

A

cells that form NEW bone

79
Q

osteoCLASTS

A

cells that resorb OLD bone

80
Q

bone is composed of

A

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water
60%-70% calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
25%-30% water

81
Q

collagen provides what in the bone?

A

some flexibility and strength in resisting tension

aging increases brittleness

82
Q

most outer bone is what?

A

cortical with cancellous underneath

83
Q

cortical bone

A

low porosity
more stiff
can withstand greater stress, less strain than cancellous

84
Q

cancellous

A

spongy
high porosity
undergo greater strain before fracturing

85
Q

diaphysis

A

long, cylindrical shaft

ends of long bones formed from cancellous bone

86
Q

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses

Anatomical Structure and Function (7 decks)

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