Chapter 6:

Question 1

ATP Synthase

Answer 1

A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP.

Question 2

glycolysis

Answer 2

The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid.

Question 3

kilocalorie (kcal)

Answer 3

A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a “Calorie.”

Question 4

Intermediates

Answer 4

One of the compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis.

Question 5

cellular respiration

Answer 5

The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylatin (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

Question 6

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 6

The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle).

Question 7

chemiosmosis

Answer 7

Energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H1) gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells.

Question 8

reduction

Answer 8

the gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.

Question 9

population

Answer 9

A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area.

Question 10

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 10

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Question 11

redox reaction

Answer 11

Short for oxidation-reductionn; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together.

Question 12

citric acid cycle

Answer 12

The metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycoysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the citric acid cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains. The second major stage of cellular respiration.

Question 13

oxidation

Answer 13

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.

Question 14

alcohol fermentation

Answer 14

the conversion of pyruvate from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Question 15

acetyl CoA

Answer 15

The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

Question 16

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 16

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.

Question 17

electron transport chain

Answer 17

A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.