Chapter 16

Question 1

cellular slime mold

Answer 1

A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoan clade.

Question 2

biofilm

Answer 2

a surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

Question 3

autotroph

Answer 3

An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs.

Question 4

proteobacteria

Answer 4

A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.

Question 5

green alga

Answer 5

A member of a group of photosynthetic protists that includes chlorophytes and charophyceans, the closest living relatives of land plants. Green algae include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species.

Question 6

coccus

Answer 6

(plural, cocci) A spherical prokaryotic cell

Question 7

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 7

A process by which diversity is hypothesized to have evolved from a symbiotic association that arose when an autotrophic eukaryotic protist was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

Question 8

radiolarian

Answer 8

A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has a mineralized support composed of silica.

Question 9

foraminiferan (Foram)

Answer 9

A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has porous shells composed of calcium carbonate.

Question 10

endotoxin

Answer 10

A poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

Question 11

diatom

Answer 11

A unicellular, autotrophic protist that belongs to the stramenopile clade. Diatoms possess a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica.

Question 12

peptidoglycan

Answer 12

A polymer of complex sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; a material unique to bacterial cell walls.

Question 13

gametophyte

Answer 13

The multicellular haploid form un the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unit and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Question 14

spirochete

Answer 14

A member of a group of helical bacteria that spiral through the environment by means of rotating, internal filaments.

Question 15

photoautotroph

Answer 15

an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis.

Question 16

methanogen

Answer 16

A type of Archaea that produces methane as a metabolic waste product.

Question 17

extreme halophile

Answer 17

A microorganism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.

Question 18

cyanobacteria

Answer 18

photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis

Question 19

pathogen

Answer 19

An agent sucs as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease.

Question 20

pilus

Answer 20

(plural, pili) A short projection on the surface of a prokaryotic cell that helps the prokaryote attach to other surfaces. Specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold the mating cells together.

Question 21

gram stain

Answer 21

microbiology technique to identify the cell wall composition of bacteria. Results categorize bacteria as gram-positive or gram-negative.

Question 22

chlamydia

Answer 22

a group of bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells. Includes human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethitis, a common sexually transmitted disease.

Question 23

heterotroph

Answer 23

An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain.

Question 24

archaea

Answer 24

One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.

Question 25

gram-positive

Answer 25

Diverse group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than that of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram negative bacteria.

Question 26

endospore

Answer 26

A thick-coated protective cell produced within a bacterial cell; endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Question 27

protist

Answer 27

a member of the Kingdom Protista. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

Question 28

red alga

Answer 28

A member of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which includes the reef-building coralline algae.

Question 29

amoeba

Answer 29

Protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia.

Question 30

exotoxin

Answer 30

a poisonous protein secreted by certain bacteria.

Question 31

parasite

Answer 31

Organism that derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction.

Question 32

cellular slime mold

Answer 32

A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoan clade.

Question 33

plasmodium

Answer 33

1) A single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei. 2) The amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold.

Question 34

chemoautotroph

Answer 34

An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals. A chemoautotroph makes its own organic compounds from CO2 without using light energy.

Question 35

biofilm

Answer 35

A surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

Question 36

extreme thermophile

Answer 36

A microorganism that thrives in a hot environment (often 60-80 degrees C).

Question 37

water mold

Answer 37

A fungus-like protist in the stramenopile clade.

Question 38

sporophyte

Answer 38

The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Question 39

photoheterotroph

Answer 39

An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources.

Question 40

alternation of generations

Answer 40

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae.

Question 41

protozoan

Answer 41

(plural, protozoa) A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, "animal-like" protist.

Question 42

ciliate

Answer 42

A type of protist that moves and feeds by means of cilia. Ciliates belong to the alveolate clade.

Question 43

bioremediation

Answer 43

the use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.

Question 44

symbiosis

Answer 44

a close association between organisms of two or more species.

Question 45

amoebozan

Answer 45

A member of a clade of protists that includes amoebas and slime molds and is characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia

Question 46

bacillus

Answer 46

(plural, bacilli) A rod-shaped prokaryotic cell.

Question 47

dinoflagellate

Answer 47

A member of a group of protists belonging to the alveolate clade. Dinoflagellates are common components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton.

Question 48

plasmodial slime mold

Answer 48

A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial deeding stage in its life cycle.

Question 49

pseudopodium

Answer 49

(plural, pseudopodia) A temporary extension of an amoeboid cell. Pseudopodia function in moving cells and engulfing food.

Question 50

alga

Answer 50

(Plural, algae) A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis.