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Biology 3 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular slime mold

A

A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoan clade.

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2
Q

biofilm

A

a surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

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3
Q

autotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs.

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4
Q

proteobacteria

A

A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.

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5
Q

green alga

A

A member of a group of photosynthetic protists that includes chlorophytes and charophyceans, the closest living relatives of land plants. Green algae include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species.

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6
Q

coccus

A

(plural, cocci) A spherical prokaryotic cell

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7
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

A process by which diversity is hypothesized to have evolved from a symbiotic association that arose when an autotrophic eukaryotic protist was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

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8
Q

radiolarian

A

A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has a mineralized support composed of silica.

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9
Q

foraminiferan (Foram)

A

A protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has porous shells composed of calcium carbonate.

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10
Q

endotoxin

A

A poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

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11
Q

diatom

A

A unicellular, autotrophic protist that belongs to the stramenopile clade. Diatoms possess a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica.

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12
Q

peptidoglycan

A

A polymer of complex sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; a material unique to bacterial cell walls.

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13
Q

gametophyte

A

The multicellular haploid form un the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unit and grow into the sporophyte generation.

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14
Q

spirochete

A

A member of a group of helical bacteria that spiral through the environment by means of rotating, internal filaments.

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15
Q

photoautotroph

A

an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis.

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16
Q

methanogen

A

A type of Archaea that produces methane as a metabolic waste product.

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17
Q

extreme halophile

A

A microorganism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.

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18
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis

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19
Q

pathogen

A

An agent sucs as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease.

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20
Q

pilus

A

(plural, pili) A short projection on the surface of a prokaryotic cell that helps the prokaryote attach to other surfaces. Specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold the mating cells together.

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21
Q

gram stain

A

microbiology technique to identify the cell wall composition of bacteria. Results categorize bacteria as gram-positive or gram-negative.

22
Q

chlamydia

A

a group of bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells. Includes human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethitis, a common sexually transmitted disease.

23
Q

heterotroph

A

An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain.

24
Q

archaea

A

One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.

25
Q

gram-positive

A

Diverse group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than that of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram negative bacteria.

26
Q

endospore

A

A thick-coated protective cell produced within a bacterial cell; endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions.

27
Q

protist

A

a member of the Kingdom Protista. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

28
Q

red alga

A

A member of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which includes the reef-building coralline algae.

29
Q

amoeba

A

Protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia.

30
Q

exotoxin

A

a poisonous protein secreted by certain bacteria.

31
Q

parasite

A

Organism that derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction.

32
Q

cellular slime mold

A

A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoan clade.

33
Q

plasmodium

A

1) A single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei. 2) The amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold.

34
Q

chemoautotroph

A

An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals. A chemoautotroph makes its own organic compounds from CO2 without using light energy.

35
Q

biofilm

A

A surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

36
Q

extreme thermophile

A

A microorganism that thrives in a hot environment (often 60-80 degrees C).

37
Q

water mold

A

A fungus-like protist in the stramenopile clade.

38
Q

sporophyte

A

The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

39
Q

photoheterotroph

A

An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources.

40
Q

alternation of generations

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae.

41
Q

protozoan

A

(plural, protozoa) A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, “animal-like” protist.

42
Q

ciliate

A

A type of protist that moves and feeds by means of cilia. Ciliates belong to the alveolate clade.

43
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.

44
Q

symbiosis

A

a close association between organisms of two or more species.

45
Q

amoebozan

A

A member of a clade of protists that includes amoebas and slime molds and is characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia

46
Q

bacillus

A

(plural, bacilli) A rod-shaped prokaryotic cell.

47
Q

dinoflagellate

A

A member of a group of protists belonging to the alveolate clade. Dinoflagellates are common components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton.

48
Q

plasmodial slime mold

A

A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial deeding stage in its life cycle.

49
Q

pseudopodium

A

(plural, pseudopodia) A temporary extension of an amoeboid cell. Pseudopodia function in moving cells and engulfing food.

50
Q

alga

A

(Plural, algae) A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis.

Biology 3 (6 decks)

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