Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 3 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

intestine

A

The region of a digestive tract located between the gizzard or stomach and the anus and where chemical digestion and nutrient absorption usually occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

A blood vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from capillaries surrounding the intestine directly to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

essential nutrient

A

A substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material. In humans, there are essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

carnivore

A

An animal that mainly eats other animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

alimentary canal

A

A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the vertebrate small intestine after the stomach, where chyme from the stomach mixes with bile and digestive enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ruminant

A

An animal, such as a cow or sheep, with a multichambered stomach housing microorganisms that can digest cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

A digestive compartment with a single opening, the mouth; may function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange, as well as digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mineral

A

In nutrition, a simple inorganic nutrient that an organism requires for proper body functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bulk feeder

A

An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

kilocalorie (kcal)

A

A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a “Calorie”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

salivary glands

A

Glands associated with the oral cavity that secret substances to lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fluid-feeder

A

An animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

appendix

A

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

liver

A

The largest organ in the vertebrate body. The liver performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

intestine

A

The region of a digestive tract located between the gizzard or stomach and the anus and where chemical digestion and nutrient absorption usually occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

A blood vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from capillaries surrounding the intestine directly to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

essential nutrient

A

A substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from any other material. In humans, there are essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

carnivore

A

An animal that mainly eats other animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

alimentary canal

A

A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the vertebrate small intestine after the stomach, where chyme from the stomach mixes with bile and digestive enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ruminant

A

An animal, such as a cow or sheep, with a multichambered stomach housing microorganisms that can digest cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

A digestive compartment with a single opening, the mouth; may function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, and gas exchange, as well as digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

mineral

A

In nutrition, a simple inorganic nutrient that an organism requires for proper body functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

bulk feeder

A

An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

kilocalorie (kcal)

A

A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a “Calorie”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.

29
Q

salivary glands

A

Glands associated with the oral cavity that secret substances to lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion.

30
Q

fluid-feeder

A

An animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism.

31
Q

appendix

A

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

32
Q

liver

A

The largest organ in the vertebrate body. The liver performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.

33
Q

saliva

A

Salivary gland secretion that contains substances to lubricate food, buffers, antibacterial agents, and the digestive enzyme amylase.

34
Q

oral cavity

A

The mouth of an animal.

35
Q

colon

A

Large intestine; the tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary tract between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces.

36
Q

peristalsis

A

Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles. Peristalsis propels food through a digestive tract and also enables many animals, such as earthworms, to crawl.

37
Q

chyme

A

The mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.

38
Q

substrate feeder

A

An organism that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food.

39
Q

omnivore

A

An animal that eats animals as well as plants or algae.

40
Q

vitamin

A

An organic nutrient that an organism requires in very small quantities. Vitamins generally functions as coenzymes.

41
Q

mouth

A

An opening through which food is taken into an animals body.

42
Q

suspension feeder

A

An aquatic animal that sifts small food particles from the water.

43
Q

rectum

A

The terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated.

44
Q

esophagus

A

the channel that conducts food by peristalsis, usually from the pharynx to the stomach.

45
Q

bolus

A

a lubricated ball of chewed food.

46
Q

recommended daily allowance (RDA)

A

a recommendation for daily nutrient intake established by nutritionists.

47
Q

gizzard

A

A pouch-like organ in a digestive tract where food is mechanically ground.

48
Q

villus

A

(plural, villi) 1) a fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine. 2) A fingerlike projection of the chorion of the mammalian placenta. Large numbers of villi increase the surface areas of these organs.

49
Q

gastrin

A

A digestive hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice.

50
Q

feces

A

The wastes of the digestive tract

51
Q

ingestion

A

The act of eating; the first main stage of food processing in animals.

52
Q

microvillus

A

(plural, microvilli) A microscope projection on the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increases its surface area.

53
Q

pharynx

A

the organ in a digestive tract that receives food from the oral cavity; in terrestrial vertebrates, the throat region where the air and food passages cross.

54
Q

gastric juice

A

The collection of fluids (mucus, enzymes, and acid) secreted by the stomach.

55
Q

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries more cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the blood correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.

56
Q

metabolic rate

A

The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.

57
Q

bile

A

A mixture of substances that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it emulsifies fats and aids in their digestion.

58
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel its essential body processes for a given time.

59
Q

crop

A

a pouchlike organ in a digestive tract where food is softened and may be stored temporarily.

60
Q

small intestine

A

The longest section of the alimentary canal. It is the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients.

61
Q

sphincter

A

a ringlike valve, consisting of modified muscles in a muscular tube, that regulates passage between some compartments of the alimentary canal.

62
Q

elimination

A

The passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment; the fourth and final stage of food processing in animals.

63
Q

stomach

A

A pouch-like organ in a digestive tract that grinds and churns food and may store it temporarily.

64
Q

anus

A

the opening which undigested materials are expelled.

65
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb; the second main stage of food processing in animals.

66
Q

gallbladder

A

An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

67
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that eats only plants or algae.

68
Q

pancreas

A

a gland with dual functions: the digestive portion secrets digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct. The endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

Biology 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions