Chapter 6 Flashcards
Thermal Expansion
Is a measure of the volume change resulting from a temperature change.
Compressibility
Is a measure of the change in volume resulting from a pressure change.
Kinetic molecular theory of matter
Is a set of five statements that are used to explain the physical behavior of the three states of matter (solids, liquids, and gases).
Kinetic energy
Is energy that matter possesses because of its motion.
Potential energy
Is the energy associated with forces of attraction or repulsion between objects.
Electrostatic interactions
Are attractions and repulsions that occur between charged particles.
Solid state
Is the physical state characterized by a dominance of potential energy (cohesive forces) over kinetic energy ( disruptive forces).
Liquid state
Is the physical state characterized by potential energy (cohesive forces) and kinetic energy (disruptive forces) of about the same magnitude.
Gaseous state
Is the physical state characterized by a complete dominance of kinetic energy (disruptive forces) over potential energy (cohesive forces).
Gas laws
Are generalizations that describe in mathematical terms the relationships among the amount, pressure,temperature, and volume of a gas.
Pressure
Is the force applied per unit area that is the total force on a surface divided by the area of that surface.
Mathematical equation for pressure ?
P (pressure) = F (force)/A (area)
1 mm Hg =?
1 tore
1 atm=?
760 mm Hg = 760 torr
1 atm pressure unit ?
14.7 psi
Dalton’s law states that?
P total = PA+ PB+PC..
A change of state
Is a process in which a substance is transformed from one physical state to another.
Gas
Evaporation (Heat absorbed) and Sublimation (Heat absorbed).
Solid
Freezing (Heat Released) and Decomposition (Heat Released).
Liquid
Condensation (Heat Released) and Melting ( Heat absorbed).
Evaporation
Is the process by which molecules escape from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
Vapor
Describes gaseous molecules of a substance at a temperature and pressure at which we ordinarily would think of the substance as a liquid or solid.
Equilibrium state
Is a situation in which two opposite processes take place at equal rates.
Vapor pressure
Is the pressure exerted by a vapor above a liquid when the liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.
Volatile substance
Is a substance that readily evaporates at room temperature because of a high vapor pressure.
Boiling
Is a special form of evaporation where conversion from the liquid state to the vapor state occurs within the body of a liquid through bubble formation.
Boiling Point
Of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the external (atmospheric) pressure exerted on the liquid.
Intermolecular forces
Is an attractive force that acts between a molecule and another molecule.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Occur between polar molecules.
The positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of another molecule.
Strength depends on the extent of molecular polarity.
Hydrogen Bonds
Extra strong dipole-dipole interactions.
Require the presence of hydrogen covalently bonded to a small very electronegative atom (F,O,orN)
Interaction is between the H atom and a lone pair of electrons on another small electronegative atom (F,O,orN)
London Forces
Occur between all molecules.
Only type of intermolecular force present between NONPOLAR molecules.
Instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions caused by momentary uneven electron distributions in molecules.
Weakest type of intermolecular force,but important because of their sheer numbers.
