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Biology 120 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bioenergetics?

A

The application of thermodynamic principles to organism and biological systems. The fundamental characteristics of all living things is the ability to carry out metabolism.

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2
Q

What are the four parts of cellular respiration and where do they occur?

A

Glycolysis (cytosol), breakdown of pyruvate (mitochondria matrix), Krebs Cycle (mitochondria matrix), Electron Transport Chain (Mitochondria Inner Membrane)

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3
Q

What is the input for glycolysis?

A

A 6-carbon glucose and 2ATP.

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4
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

Glucose is oxidized, creating 2NADH and a net of 2 ATP and 2 3-carbon Pyruvate. Exergonic.

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5
Q

How does glycolysis make ATP?

A

By Substrate Level Phosphorylation. ADP phosphate transfer.

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6
Q

What is produced through the breakdown of pyruvate?

A

CO2 and NADH. CoA attaches to the remaining 2 carbons to produce Acetyl-CoA.

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7
Q

Output of the Krebs Cycle

A

Per one Acetyl-CoA:

2 CO2 released, 3 NADH produced, 1FADH2 produced, 1 ATP produced

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8
Q

How is the energy stores after the Krebs Cycle?

A

In NADH and FADH2. It is released through the ETC, with oxygen being the terminal electron acceptor. Exergonic.

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9
Q

What does the ETC do?

A

Moves electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 to make H2O; moves H+ ions from the matrix to the inner membrane space (low to high concentrations); makes a lot of potential energy.

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10
Q

What is ATP Synthase?

A

It uses 3 H+ to make 1 ATP from ADP, the energy comes from the concentration gradient as hydrogen returns to the matrix.

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11
Q

What is Chemiosmotic Theory?

A

The ATP synthesis from the ATP synthase of 3H+ to make one ATP from ADP.

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12
Q

What are Strict Anaerobes?

A

Organisms unable to live in the presence of oxygen.

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13
Q

What are Facultative Anaerobes?

A

Organisms able to live in both oxygenic and non-oxygenic environments.

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14
Q

What is Alcohol Fermentation?

A

In the absence of O2, yeast ferments glucose into ethonol - only 2ATP are produced.

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15
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

During Anaerobic respiration, muscle O2 depeltion leads to this. 2 ATP are produced; no CO2 released.

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16
Q

Which of the following has less energy:
ADP vs ATP
NAD+ vs NADH
CO2 vs C6H12O6

A

Oxidized has less energy than reduced; ADP, NAD+, CO2.

17
Q

Muscle Energetics

A

Muscles can respire both aerobically and anaerobically; under high power demand they will be anaerobic, under low demand they will be aerobic.

18
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

The reverse of glycolysis.

19
Q

What are some Respiratory Proteins?

A

Rotenone (kills insects and fish), Cyanide (inhibits oxygen binding), Dinitrophenol (short circuts ETC)

20
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

The process by which energy-rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP

21
Q

Why is food a good source of energy?

A

Because of the abundance of C-H bonds. Oxygen bonds contain less potential energy. C-H bond electrons can easily be removed to do work, because electrons farther from the nucleus contain more energy.

22
Q

Why is oxygen gas a good terminal electron accepter?

A

Because of its high affinity for its electrons.

23
Q

What are Dehydrogenases?

A

Groups of enzymes that facilitate the transfer of electrons from food to a molecule that acts as transport. NAD+, FAD.

24
Q

Which is oxidized and which is reduced:

NAD+, NADH

A

Oxidized, reduced.

NAD+ + 2e- + H NADH

25
Q

Is Glycolysis dependent on oxygen?

A

No, the glucose is oxidized but oxygen plays no role.

26
Q

Define Chemiosmosis

A

The ability of cells to use the proton-motive force to do work, powers ATP synthesis by a proton gradient

27
Q

Define Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The synthesis of ATP in which ATP synthase uses H+ gradient built by the electron transfer system as an energy source to make ATP

28
Q

What is ATP Synthase?

A

A membrane-spanning protein complex that couples the energetically favourable transport of protons across a membrane o the synthesis of ATP. It is a molecule motor.

29
Q

Where do fats enter cellular respiration?

A

Glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids join at Acetyl-CoA.

30
Q

Where do proteins enter cellular respiration?

A

Can become pyruvate or start at the Krebs Cycle.

31
Q

What is Phosphofructokinase?

A

An enzyme that works as an allosteric inhibitor to inhibit cellular respiration. Deals with ATP ADP AMP

32
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

Cytosol.

33
Q

What are Strict Aerobes?

A

Cells/organisms that absolutely require oxygen to survive. Cannot live from fermentation.

Biology 120 (13 decks)

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