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Biology 120 > Chapter 3 Definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

A steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external environment

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2
Q

Define Biotic

A

Biological. Often in reference to living component of the environment.

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3
Q

Define Abiotic

A

Nonbiological. Often in reference to physical factors in the environment.

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4
Q

What are the Emergent properties?

A

What we see as life is the result of atomic interactions and physical processes

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5
Q

What is the Habitable zone?

A

The specific environment in which a population lives, as characterized by its biotic and abiotic factors.

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6
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

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7
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

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8
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

A macromolecule formed from the bonding together of individual monomers.

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9
Q

What are Monomers?

A

Identical or nearly identical subunits that link together to form polymers during polymerization

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10
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Proteins that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction by lowering activation energy.

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11
Q

What are Protobionts?

A

The term given to a group of abiotically produced organic molecules that are surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure.

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12
Q

What are Liposomes?

A

A small spherical sac of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet, especially as formed artificially to carry drugs or other substances into the tissues.

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13
Q

What is DNA?

A

The large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms.

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14
Q

What is RNA?

A

A polymer assembled from repeating nucleotide monomers in which the five-carbon sugar is ribose. Cellular RNAs are: mRNA (which is translated to produce a polypeptide), tRNA (which brings an amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide during translation), and rRNA (which is a structural component of ribosomes). The genetic material of some viruses is RNA.

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15
Q

What is Transcription?

A

The mechanism by which the information encoded in DNA is made into a complementary RNA copy

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16
Q

What is Translation?

A

The use of information encoded in the RNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide.

17
Q

What are Ribozymes?

A

An RNA-based catalyst that is part of the biochemical machinery of all cells, they can catalyze reactions on the precursor RNA molecules that lead to their own synthesis.

18
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The biochemical reactions that allows a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow, and reproduce.

19
Q

What is an oxidized substance?

A

A substance that loses energy or an electron.

20
Q

What is a Reduced substance?

A

A substance that gains an electron or energy.

21
Q

What are Stromatolites?

A

Fossilized remains of ancient cyanobacterial mats that carries out photosynthesis by the water-splitting reaction

22
Q

What is a Autotroph?

A

An organism that produces its own food using CO2 and other simple inorganic compounds from its environment and energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances. Mostly plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

23
Q

What is a Phototroph?

A

An organism, typically a plant, that obtains energy from sunlight as its source of energy to convert inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration.

24
Q

What is Panspermia?

A

The theory that life on the earth originated from microorganisms or chemical precursors of life present in outer space and able to initiate life on reaching a suitable environment.

25
Q

What are Extremeophiles?

A

The general term given to organisms found growing in environments that are lethal to most other organisms. Mostly bacteria and archaea, and they can thrive under conditions such as extreme temperature, pressure, salinity, and radiation.

26
Q

What is Astrobiology?

A

The branch of biology concerned with the study of life on earth and in space.

27
Q

Define Domain

A

All present-day organisms can be classified into one of three categories of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

28
Q

What is LUCA

A

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the name given to a crude organism that is now traceable in all domains of life; plants, animals, fungi, algae, etc.

29
Q

Define Endosymbiosis

A

Based on a number of observations scientists proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as bacteria.

30
Q

Define Genome

A

The entire collection of DNA sequence for a give organism

31
Q

What is Horizontal gene transfer

A

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction. Also termed lateral gene transfer (LGT), it contrasts with vertical transfer, the transmission of genes from the parental generation to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction.

32
Q

What is the Endomembrane system

A

In eukaryotes, a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments

33
Q

Which one is correct?

A. cell

A

B. Everything is based on the level(s) before it.

34
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest unit of living things
  3. New cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division
35
Q

What did the Miller-Urey experiment try to do?

A

It tried to replicate the early atmosphere to see if organic compounds could be produced.

36
Q

What did the Miller-Urey experiment accomplish?

A

It produced simple and complex organic molecules and showed that simple organic molecules could form under the conditions of primitive earth.

37
Q

What is the Deep Sea Vent Hypothesis?

A

The high temperatures and pressures of Deep-Sea Vents can promote the production of complex organic molecules.

38
Q

Define Anaerobic

A

Does not need oxygen to survive.

39
Q

What five points of evidence support the endosymbiosis theory of the origin and evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A
  1. Their own DNA
  2. Double membranes
  3. Not created spontaneously
  4. Small, like bacteria
  5. Have ribosomes

Biology 120 (13 decks)

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