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Biology 120 > Chapter 4 Definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion. Includes heat and light.

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2
Q

Define Potential energy

A

Stored energy. Includes chemical energy.

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3
Q

Define Thermodynamics

A

Biology is governed by the Laws of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is the study of the energy flow during chemical and physical reactions.

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4
Q

Define Entropy

A

Energy lost from the system and that cannot be used for further work. The amount of disorder in a system; all systems tend towards entropy.

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5
Q

Define Spontaneous reaction

A

Reactions that occur with no additional net input of energy. Usually the reactants need to have more energy than the products, and entropy will usually increase.

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6
Q

Define Enthalpy

A

Potential energy in a system

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7
Q

Define Endothermic

A

Reactions which absorb energy

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8
Q

Define Exothermic

A

Processes which release energy

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9
Q

Define Reactants

A

The atoms or molecules entering the reaction

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10
Q

Define Free energy (ΔG)

A

The energy in a system which is available to do work

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11
Q

Define Concentration gradient

A

The concentration difference that dives diffusion

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12
Q

Define Equilibrium

A

A state of balance between opposing factors that push a reaction in either direction

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13
Q

Define Exergonic Reaction

A

Reaction that has a negative ‘Free Energy’ because it releases free energy

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14
Q

Define Endergonic Reaction

A

Reaction that can be produced only if free energy is supplied and will require continuous input.

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15
Q

Define Catabolic Pathway

A

The breakdown of complex biological products to simpler ones, exergonic.

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16
Q

Define Anabolic Pathway

A

Building complex biological products from simple ones, endergonic.

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17
Q

Define Energy Coupling

A

The process by which ATP is brought in close contact with a reactant molecule involved in an endergonic reaction, and when the ATP is hydrolyzed, the terminal phosphate group is transferred to the reactant molecule.

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18
Q

Define Coupled Reaction

A

An endergonic reaction can be coupled with an exergonic reaction to make the overall reaction more energetically favourable (exergonic).

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19
Q

Define ATP Cycle

A

Continued breakdown and resynthesis of ATP

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20
Q

Define Activation energy

A

The initial input of energy required to start a reaction

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21
Q

Define Transition state

A

An intermediate arrangement of atoms and bonds that both the reactants and the products of a reaction can assume

22
Q

Define Catalyst

A

Substances with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction

23
Q

Define Enzyme

A

Proteins catalysts, accelerate the rate of a cellular reaction.

24
Q

Define Conformation

A

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein

25
Q

Define Enzyme-substrate complex

A

A non-covalent complex composed of a substrate bound to the active site of the enzyme.

26
Q

Define Cofactor

A

An inorganic or organic nonprotein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place

27
Q

Define Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors that include complex chemical groups of various kinds

28
Q

Define Saturation

A

the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

29
Q

Define Competitive enzyme inhibitors

A

An enzyme which resembles the normal substrate closely enough that it fits into the active site of the enzyme.

30
Q

Define Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors

A

An inhibitor molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site and, therefore, does not compete directly with the substrate for binding to the active site.

31
Q

Define Allosteric regulation

A

Specialized control mechanism for enzymes with an allosteric site, a regulatory outside the active site that may either slow or accelerate activity depending on the enzyme.

32
Q

Define Allosteric site

A

A regulatory site outside the active site

33
Q

Define Allosteric activator

A

Molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the inactive form to the active form.

34
Q

Define Allosteric inhibitor

A

Molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from to the inactive form to the inactive form.

35
Q

Define Futile cycle

A

Also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat.

36
Q

Define Feedback inhibition

A

In enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction. Also referred to as end-product inhibition

37
Q

Define Enzyme activity

A

is affected by physical conditions, and the activity of some enzymes is subject to regulation. Measure enzyme activity at different pH values and see where it is most active.

38
Q

What is the pH optimum?

A

an enzyme will have an optimum pH for activity

39
Q

What is the Temperature optimum?

A

an enzyme will have an optimum pH for activity

40
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

A system that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.

41
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system that only exchanges energy with its surroundings.

42
Q

What is an open system?

A

A system that exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings.

43
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

44
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy conversions are not perfect and are accompanied by increased entropy.

45
Q

Define Exergonic Reaction

A

Negative free energy, the products contain less energy than the reactants did. Cellular respiration is exergonic. This is the favourable reaction.

46
Q

Define Endergonic Reaction

A

Positive free energy, absorbs energy/needs energy to begin. The products contain more energy than the reactants.

47
Q

What is the Lock and Key Analogy?

A

Only specific 3D structures will fit in the active site.

48
Q

What is the Induced Fit Model?

A

The active site of the enzyme helps adjust the shape of the reactants so they can react, or the shape of the active site.

49
Q

What is Chemical Equilibrium?

A

The point where there is no longer a change between the overall concentrations of the products and the reactants. Free energy decreases and there is no tendency for spontaneous reactions.

50
Q

Define Kinetically Unstable

A

A reaction where the reactants will rapidly be converted into products.

Biology 120 (13 decks)

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