Chapter 6

Question 1

organizational innovation

Answer 1

successful implementation of creative ideas in an organization

Question 2

creativity

Answer 2

form of organization innovation, is the production of novel and useful ideas

Question 3

organizational change

Answer 3

difference in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time

Question 4

technology

Answer 4

consists of the knowledge, tools, and techniques used to transform inputs (raw materials and information) into outputs (products and services)

Question 5

technology cycle

Answer 5

begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology

Question 6

S-curve pattern of innovation

Answer 6

pattern of technological innovation characterized by slow initial progress, then rapid progress, and then slow progress again as technology matures and reaches its limits

Question 7

innovation stream

Answer 7

patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage

Question 8

technological discontinuity

Answer 8

innovation streams begin with this, in which a scientific advance or a unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function

Question 9

discontinuous change

Answer 9

phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition

Question 10

technological substitution

Answer 10

purchase of new technologies to replace older ones

Question 11

design competition

Answer 11

Discontinuous change is characterized by this where old technology and several different new technologies compete to establish a new technological standard or dominant design. (older tech usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new tech; slows the changeover from older to newer)

Question 12

dominant design

Answer 12

discontinuous change is followed by the emergence of a dominant design which becomes the new accepted market standard for technology.

Question 13

critical mass

Answer 13

a way in which dominant designs emerge. Meaning that a particular technology can become the dominant design simply because most people use it. (Toshiba HD DVD vs Blu-Ray)

Question 14

technological lockout

Answer 14

occurs when a new dominant design (specifically better tech) makes it difficult for a company to competitively sell products

Question 15

incremental change

Answer 15

phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant design.

Question 16

creative work environments

Answer 16

where workers perceive that creative thoughts and ideas are welcomed and valued

Question 17

6 components of creative work environments

Answer 17

challenging work, organization encouragement, supervisory encouragement, work group encouragement, freedom, and a lack of organizational impediments

Question 18

Flow

Answer 18

psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you’re doing and time seems to fly.

Question 19

three kinds of encouragement

Answer 19

organizational, supervisory, work group encouragement

Question 20

organizational encouragement

Answer 20

occurs when management encourages risk taking and new ideas, supports and fairly evaluates new ideas, rewards and recognizes creativity, and encourages the sharing of new ideas through different parts of the company

Question 21

Supervisory encouragement

Answer 21

when supervisors provide clear goals, encourage open interaction with subordinates, and actively support development teams’ work and ideas

Question 22

work group encouragement

Answer 22

when group members have diverse experience, education, and background, and the group fosters: mutual openness to ideas; positive, constructive

Question 23

experiential approach to innovation

Answer 23

assumes that innovation is occurring within a highly uncertain environment and that the key to fast product innovation is to use intuition, flexible options, and hands on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding. 5 aspects

Question 24

5 aspects

Answer 24

design iterations, testing, milestones, multifunctional teams, and powerful leaders

Question 25

design iteration

Answer 25

cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product/service, improves on the design, and then builds and tests the improved product or service

Question 26

product prototype

Answer 26

full scale working model that is being tested for design, function, and reliability

Question 27

testing

Answer 27

systematic comparison of different product designs or design iterations

Question 28

milestones

Answer 28

formal project review points used to assess progress and performance

Question 29

multifunctional teams

Answer 29

work teams composed of people from different departments. accelerate learning and understanding by mixing and integrating technical, marketing, and manufacturing activities.

Question 30

compression approach to innovation

Answer 30

assumes that innovation is a predictable process, that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation. 5 aspects

Question 31

generational change

Answer 31

occurs when incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version

Question 32

change forces

Answer 32

lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time

Question 33

resistance forces

Answer 33

support the status quo, that is, the existing conditions in an organization

Question 34

resistance to change

Answer 34

caused by self interest, misunderstanding and distrust, and a general intolerance for change

Question 35

unfreezing

Answer 35

getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed

Question 36

change intervention

Answer 36

workers and managers change their behavior and work practices

Question 37

refreezing

Answer 37

supporting and reinforcing the new changes so they stick

Question 38

coercion

Answer 38

use of formal power and authority to force others to change (causes many intense negative reactions and therefore a last resort option)

Question 39

results-driven change

Answer 39

supplants the emphasis on activity with a laserlike focus on quickly measuring and improving results

Question 40

General Electric workout

Answer 40

special kind of results driven change. Involves a three day meeting that brings together managers and employees from different levels of an organization to generate and act quickly on solutions to specific business problems.

Question 41

transition management team

Answer 41

group of 8-12 people to whose full-time job is to manage and coordinate a company’s change process.

Question 42

organizational development

Answer 42

philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization’s long term health and performance (long range)

Question 43

change agent

Answer 43

person formally in charge of guiding the change effort