Chapter 6

Question 1

Who thought stuttering is a disorder of timing?

Answer 1

• van Riper (disruption of timing of muscle sequencing =stuttering)
• Kent (deficit in central timing that regulates speech production and integrates left brain segmental and r brain suprasegmentals aspects of spch production; this deficit prod. stuttering

Question 2

Who thought stuttering is a disorder of brain organization?

Answer 2

orton and travis
geschwind and galaburda
webster

(right hemisphere dominance or left hemisphere delay is the cause)

Question 3

Who thought that stuttering was caused by a reduced capacity for internal modeling?

Answer 3

Neilson and Neilson

(children talk by hearing the sounds of their lang. and how to move their articulators to make the proper sounds—-breakdown in their feedback loop /hearing /seeing the production of sounds) something is wrong with their internal model

Question 4

Who thought that stuttering was a language production defecit?

Answer 4

wingate/perkins/kent/curlee/kolk and postma (that stuttering results from defecits in planning and assembling the units for lang production)

Question 5

Explain Kolk and Postma’s theory/model about language production deficit that cause

Answer 5

• lang production is monitored internally

- if the problem is in the phoneme plan production haults which results in core behaviors

Question 6

Who suggested that stuttering is a multifactorial dynamic disorder?

Answer 6

Anne Smith
(dynamic=core behaviors are only surface features)
-underlying factors are linguistic load, speech motor instability and emotional stress

Question 7

What is a physiological tremor?

Answer 7

a factor that may make the initial disorder more severe

may be evoked or amplified by emotion

Question 8

T or F tremors an important factor in advanced stuttering.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is the diagnosogenic theory?

Answer 9

Wendell Johnson

Stuttering is the result of parents misdiagnosing normal disfluencies as stuttering

Question 10

What is the theory that oliver bloodstein proposed on stuttering?

Answer 10

communicative failure and anticipatory struggle

-more anticipation of difficulty of speech leads to more stuttering

Question 11

Explain this theory: communicative failure and anticipatory struggle.

Answer 11

stuttering begins when a child finds talking diff.

Question 12

what are the experiences that make children believe speaking is difficult?

Answer 12

these are the basis of the thery:communicative failure and anticipatory struggle

• normal disfluencies are criticized by significant listeners
• a delay in spch or lang dev
• spch/lang dis
• diff/traumatic experience reading out loud in school
• cluttering, espc if listeners freq say slow down or What??
• emotional traumatic events during which child tries to speak

Question 13

Who proposed that stuttering may emerge when childs capacities for fluency are overwhelmed by demands (capacities and demands theories)?

Answer 13

Sheehan/ Andrews/starkweather

Question 14

what are examples of capacities?

Answer 14

it is the childs ability to plan and program for language while making fast, coordinated movements for spch

Question 15

What are some examples of demands?

Answer 15

some children’s advanced conceptual and linguistic abilities; models of rapid and complex speech and language in environment; emotional stress on child from environment

Question 16

What is the capacities and demands theories treatment based on?

Answer 16

Reducing the demands and when possible increasing capacities

Question 17

Explain the two-stage model of stuttering

Answer 17

stuttering may often develop in two stages

• primary stage is simpler disfluencies that are the result of how the brain handles speech and lang
• secondary stage is a more complex pattern that is the result of the child’s enviorment’s reaction to disfluencies

Question 18

Evidence suggests that stuttering often emerges from deficits in the left-brain hemisphere processing for spch and lang.
-such deficits may result in primary stuttering bc neural circuits for speech and language may be….

Answer 18

• working in an “underdeveloped” area
• reorganized and moved to an area not naturally suited to rapid speech and lang functions (i.e. right hem)
• reorganized so that major functions are at some distance from each other
• slower in processing bc of less dense pathways