chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F. children must deal with limited neural resources handling a multitude of tasks

A

True

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2
Q

physical and motor development:

A
  • motor and cognitive development compete for cerebral resources
  • rapid developmental changes in vocal tract stress the development of speech.
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3
Q

stuttering seems to have its most frequent onset while a child is mastering what?

A

more complex language

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4
Q

Children predisposed to stuttering may have deficits in areas responsible for planning and production of what?

A

speech and language

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5
Q

T or F rapid speech and language development may stress these weak areas, resulting in stuttering.

A

true

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6
Q

T or F. some children may develop stuttering as a response to extra difficulty bc of speech or language delay and the stress it puts on speech production.

A

true

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7
Q

T or F. intensive cognitive development may compete with fluency

A

True

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8
Q

T or F. The “ups and downs” in a child’s fluency may reflect the spurts of cognitive development.

A

True

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9
Q

At what age may children be self-conscious enough to have negative emotions about stuttering?

A

after age 3

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10
Q

___________ arousal increases stuttering and normal disfluency.

A

emotional

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11
Q

________ _________ during childhood may trigger or worsen stuttering.

A

emotional stress

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12
Q

Children with a sensitive temperament may be more vulnerable to?

A

to stutter

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13
Q

do individuals who stutter appear to be normal in terms of psychosocial traits?

A

yes

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14
Q

Enviornmental factors may interact with developmental factors to trigger or worsen _____________.

A

Stuttering

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15
Q

there is mixed research about parents affect on stuttering

A

theory: children with a vulnerable temperament may have inherited it from 1 or both of their parents thus the parents might be perfectionists, anxious etcc,..

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16
Q

what are some stressful adult speech models? (4)

what are some stressful speaking situations for kids? (6)

A

rapid speech rate
polysyllabic vocab
complex syntax
use of two languages in home

competition for speaking
frequent interruptions
demand for display speech
hurried when speaking
frequent questions
loss of listener attention
many things to say 
excited when speaking
17
Q

Children who stutter may be helped by making communication easier…. what are 3 ways you can do this?

A

more one-on-one time when parent can listen
slower speech rate
language complexity not too far above child’s level

18
Q

what are some stressful life events that may precipitate or worsen stuttering in some children (10)?

A
  • the child’s family moves to a new house, neighborhood or city
  • a family member dies
  • parents sep. or divorce
  • the child is hospitalized
  • parent loses job
  • an additional person comes to live in the home
  • on or both parents go away frequently or for a long period of time
  • holidays or visits occur in which causes a change in routine, excitement or anxiety
  • a discipline problem involving the child
19
Q

What is the process of the child being classically conditioned to stutter (how does it happen)

A
  • stuttering elicits feelings of dread and tightening of speech muscles
  • stuttering with accompanying dread and muscle tension occurs repeatedly on the phone (previously neutral)
  • then the phone alone just elicits dread and muscle tension

bc of the stuttering the child associates the phone with dread and tightening of the muscles

20
Q

operant conditioning involves

A

punishment and reinforcements

21
Q

if a behavior is positively reinforced (rewarded) for being fluency it will increase,,, If a behavior is punished it will decrease (decreasing the number of disfluencies)

A

yes..

22
Q

What is avoidance conditioning?

A

anticipating a stutter and doing something to keep it from happening (either inserting um or saying another word bc you know ull stutter on it)

23
Q

to deal with classical conditioning in stuttering you need to? (2 things)

A

decondition ( associate behavior with neutral stimulus) have client keep stuttering until fear is gone (no - stimulus)

countercondition (associate behavior with positive stimulus) what has been classically conditioned
(have client stutter and receive praise for keeping it going) (pos stim)

24
Q

How do you deal with operant conditioning?

A

Stop reward for unwanted behavior

Start reward for wanted behavior

25
Q

To deal with avoidance conditioning you would?

A

decrease the fear of stuttering

reward non-avoidance

26
Q

Brown showed that adults who stutter do so more frequently on…..

A
consonants 
sounds in word-initial position
sounds in contextual speech
nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
longer words
words at beginnings of sentences
stressed syllables
27
Q

what core behaviors are noted more frequent in children?

A

repetitions of parts of words and single-syllable words in sentence-initial position

28
Q

The facts about stuttering imply? (4)

A
  • stuttering is an inherited or congenital disorder
  • it first appears when children are learning the complex coordination’s of spoken language
  • it emerges in those children whose speech production system is vulnerable to disruption by competing demands of language, cognition, and emotion
  • after it emerges, it becomes persistent in some children (perhaps those whose stuttering arouses substantial negative emotion which leads to a variety of learned behaviors)
29
Q

What is the model of stuttering?

A

disorder of neuromotor control of speech
influenced by lang production
perpetuated by temperament and complex learning, and the response of their environment to their speech