chapter 3 Flashcards
(25 cards)
what was the conclusion of the family studies?
- people who stutter had more relatives that stuttered versus people who do not stutter.
- more male relatives than female who stuttered
- female and male children had the same chance of havin relatives who stuttered
The twin studies concluded?
identical and fraternal twins show that stuttering occurs more often in both twins when they are identical twins (not fraternal)
-not all sets of twins are both stutterers or both nonstutteres (meaning one could stutter and one could not)
(so environmental factors must be involved as well)
Dennis drayna did a study of a tribe(family) that 42 of the 100 members stutter from this they isolated chromosome ___.
18.
Susan Felsenfeld did a study on the hutterites who don’t marry outside of the community she found 3 chromosomes that may be involved what are they?
1, 13 and 16.
There may be several genetic pathways that generate stuttering not just one.
t or f. It is thought to be btwn 30-60% of people who stutter have other family members who stutter.
True
This means that people who stutter have 40-70% of people who stutter do not have family members who stutter
these studies conclude that?
genetics cannot be responsible for all stuttering (it is thought that later indiv. may have had congenital or early childhood factors that predisposed them to stuttering such as anoxia at birth, premature birth, childhood surgery, head injury or situations with extreme fear was experienced.
Electroencephalagraphice (EEG) studies have concluded?
lack of cerebral dominance occurs in PWS
PWS have right-hem. dominance instead of left.
Cerebral blood flow studies concluded that?
greater blood flow occurred during speech in pws in brocas area in the r hem. than brocas in the L hem. (after treatment this reversed)
Positron emission tomography (PET) studies?
pws both brocas and wernickes area in the l hem showed less activity while subjects were stuttering compared to when they were fluent during choral reading activities.
these studies on the brain are important bc they prove that…
pws brains work differently that people who do not stutter
Common findings in brain studies
right-brain overactivation during stuttering
What are the two theories that exist as to why this right-brain overactivation occurs?
1) first theory is the right hem, becomes “wired” to be the main speech and language area and bc the structures in the r hem. aren’t suited to this function, stuttering occurred
2) the 2nd theory is that the child may have tried to use the l hem. for speech and lang. but the neural networks involved didn’t work correctly so the childs brain switched to the r hem as compensation
Left auditory cortex inactivity during stuttering study concluded?
that pws there is a lack of activity in the auditory association areas and wernickes areas suggesting that pws aren’t using aud feedback to monitor their speech.
T or F one study found that a portion of wernickes area known as planum temporale thought to be involved in higher order aud. processing which is larger in the l hem than in the r hem in normal people is symmetrical in size in the 2 hem with pws.
True
An important question is raised with all these stuttering brain studies,,,
is the difference shown in brain imaging the cause or effect of stuttering. (we don’t know)
people who stutter…. (sensory processing)
pws process aud signals differently (aud areas were not as active in pws)
stuttering appears to be a problem with speech-motor control which depends on both sensory and motor output
yes
Is reaction time slower in pws or people who do not stutter when asked to repeat a sound they hear.
in pws
T or F. People who stutter have been found to have slower speech movements even during their fluent speech
True
T or F. Pws have been found to be slower in executing sequential finger movements primarily in severe stuterers
this is true and is in the category called nonspeech motor control.
In pws and people who do not what population was found to have higher levels of autonomic arousal (heart rate, levels of cortisol in saliva secretion etc.)
PWS
but both groups have higher anxiety when asked to speak or read aloud.
T or F KWS were found to be more sensitive that KWNS.
True.
What are right hem tendencies?
include avoidance, diff initiating, postponing, etcc,
what are left hem tendencies?
quick initiation going after something not avoiding
