Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are the three components of language development?
Symbols, Language Comprehension, Language Production
What term refers to speaking (or signing or writing)?
Language Production
What term refers to understanding what others say (or sign or write) and is required to develop language skills?
Language Comprehension
What term involves systems of representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge, and for communicating to other people?
Symbols
What are the six components of language?
Generative, Phonemes, Morphemes, Syntax, Pragmatics, and Dialect
What is a particular form of a language, often based in a specific region or social group?
Dialect
What term refers to knowledge about how language is used?
Pragmatics
What term refers to rules specifying how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives) can be combined?
Syntax
What is the term for the smallest units of meaningful sound?
Phonemes
What is the name for a system in which a finite set of words can be combined to generate an infinite number of sentences?
Generative
Language is species-______ and species-_______.
Specific
Universal
What age period in humans is sensitive for language learning?
Early years until around age 5.
What are two examples of non-primate response to human language?
Rico (Dog)
Alex (Parrot)
What are two examples of nonhuman primate communicative systems?
Washoe and Koko (Chimpanzee and Gorilla)
Kanzi (Bonobo)
Language processing in the brain is typically ________, meaning that it specializes in one hemisphere.
Lateralized
In 90% of right handers and lifelong signers, which hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language?
Left Hemisphere
Infants’ auditory preferences are fine-tuned through experience with ___________.
Human Language
What is the term for a distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children? It is preferred by infants and used by virtually all cultures.
Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)
Greater pitch variability, slower speech, shorter utterances, more word repetition, and more questions are all characteristics of what type of speech?
Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)
Bilingual infants have equal language preference if exposed _________.
Prenatally
Bilingual infants start learning in the _________.
Womb
Bilingual infants are better at using ____________ to discriminate unfamiliar languages.
Silent Talking Face
What is the term for bilingual infants building two linguistic systems?
Code Switching
Bilingual infants perform better on ___________.
Cognitive Control Measures
What term describes the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, and intonational patterns with which a language is spoken?
Prosody
What term describes the perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories?
Categorical Perception
What term describes the length of time between when air passes through the lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating?
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
What term describes the process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech? When does it begin?
Word Segmentation. Begins from 6-12 months.
What term describes the phenomenon that, in any language, certain sounds are more likely to appear together than are others?
Distributional Properties
What is the act of producing syllables made up of a constant followed by a vowel (“pa” and “ba” and “ma”) that are repeated in strings (“mamama”)?
Babbling
In early interactions and babbling, social interactions are learned from _____________, as infant response evokes range of parental response.
Parent-Infant Games
In preparing for language production, successful communication is required through __________ and __________.
Intersubjectivity and Joint Attention
In early word recognition, _________ supports skilled rapid word comprehension.
Linguistic Experience
The process of infant word understanding exceeds word production also occurs in what other situation?
Same understanding occurs in toddlers with autism.
What is the term for an overly broad interpretation of the meaning of a word?
Overextension
What is the term for an overly narrow interpretation of the meaning of a word?
Underextension
At what age are the first words produced?
10 to 15 months
What topics are babies first words mostly about?
Family members, pets, and important objects.
The number of words a child knows is directly related to _________ and _________.
Number of words they hear.
Linked to their caregivers’ vocabularies.
How is social economic status affected by language children hear?
Less words spoken in families on welfare and more in professional families.
What are the two main influences during word learning?
Adult Influences and Contextual Influences
Employing mutual exclusivity (less for bilingual and trilingual infants), making whole object assumption, exploiting pragmatic cues from social contexts, and labeling objects and using object shapes are contributions from ______ in first words.
The Child
What is the strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentence?
Synaptic Bootstrapping
What is the process of determining word meanings by tracking correlations between labels and meanings across scenes and contexts?
Cross-Situational Word Learning
By what age do children combine words into simple sentences?
End of the second year
What is the term for short utterances that leave out non-essential words (generally two word utterances)?
Telegraphic Speech
What are speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular?
Overregulation
What is the mastery of regularities of language? It increases the ability to recognize patterns and generalize to novel words.
Grammar
What is the term for speech directed to self, rather than another person?
Private Speech
What is the term for a conversation between children involved of non-sequiturs; content of each children’s turn has little or nothing to do with what other child has just said?
Collective Monologues
What are descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story that can be produced by 5 years of age?
Narratives
The process of using information other than words to further assess conversational describes what term?
Pragmatic Development
The process of developing conversational perspective-taking and responding appropriately describes what term?
Pragmatic Development
What is the approximate vocabulary (number of words) achieved by 6-year-olds?
10,000 words
What is the approximate vocabulary (number of words) achieved by 5th graders?
40,000 words
What is the approximate vocabulary (number of words) achieved by college students?
150,000 words
Noam Chomsky countered Skinner’s behaviorism and proposed humans are born with ___________.
Universal Grammar
What is the term for a proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages?
Universal Grammar
The overlap between nature and nurture is found in what situation?
Earliest Parent-Child Communication
