chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiorespiratory system is comprised of …

A

the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.

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2
Q

The respiratory system is comprised of…

A

the respiratory airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles.

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3
Q

The heart is contained in

A

the mediastinum.

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4
Q

A normal heart rate ranges from

A

60 to 100 beats per minute.

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5
Q

Each side of the heart has two chambers:

A

an atrium and a ventricle.

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6
Q

The body will increase the heart rate in response to

A

exercise and decrease the heart rate during sleep.

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7
Q

The electrical conduction system of the heart is responsible for…

A

Electrical Conduction for Heart’s Function

Hearts Function begins with the sinoatrial node, which is in the right atrium.

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8
Q

The sinoatrial node is referred to as

A

the pacemaker of the heart

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9
Q

To where does the SA node send electrical signals?

A

Atrioventricular node / Ventricles

sends to atrioventricular node and ultimately into the ventricles

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10
Q

The right atrium gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body and then sends it to the…

A

… right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation.

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11
Q

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the

A

… left ventricle to be pumped out into the body.

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12
Q

Special valves are present in the heart to ensure that…

A

… blood is pumped in a one-way fashion.

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13
Q

The pulmonary artery transports…

A

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs,

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14
Q

the pulmonary vein transports…

A

… oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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15
Q

As part of the normal integrated functioning of the cardiorespiratory system, the carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated blood pumped into

A

Right Ventricle

the lungs from the right ventricle and is ultimately expelled to the environment through normal expiration.

Carbon Dioxide / deoxygentaed blood >>> Right Ventricle >>> Lungs

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16
Q

Stroke volume is:

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

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17
Q

End-diastolic volume is

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction,

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18
Q

the end-systolic volume is:

A

the amount of blood present in the ventricle after contraction.

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19
Q

Stroke volume is ultimately:

A

a product of end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume.

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20
Q

Cardiac output is

A

Blood Pumped / min = HR +Stroke Volume

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both heart rate and stroke volume.

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21
Q

Normal blood pressure is:

A

a systolic less than 120 mm Hg with a diastolic of less than 80 mm Hg.

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22
Q

Arteries transport blood:

A

away from the heart to the body,

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23
Q

veins transport blood…

A

back to the heart, and capillaries function as an exchange channel between the vessels and bodily tissues.

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24
Q

Breathing (ventilation) is divided into two phases, referred to as:

A

inspiration and expiration.

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25
Q

The respiratory system is tasked with:

A

bringing in oxygen, filtering air from inspiration, and subsequently oxygenating blood from the heart as well as exhaling carbon dioxide.

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26
Q

A normal respiratory rate is

A

12 to 16 breaths per minute and relies on the primary respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).

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27
Q

During normal inspiration, what happens?

A

active contraction of respiratory muscles occurs, whereas relaxation occurs during expiration.

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28
Q

During forced or heavy breathing, what happens?

A

expiratory ventilation relies on secondary muscles to compress the thoracic cavity and force air out.

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29
Q

Diffusion is :

A

a term used to describe the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the body’s tissues.

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30
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.

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31
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

heart tissue

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32
Q

Smooth muscle

A

organs

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33
Q

Myofibrils

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

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34
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

35
Q

Atrium (atria)

A

Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.

36
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells

37
Q

Resting heart rate (RHR)

A

The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest.

38
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.

39
Q

Bradycardia

A

When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.

40
Q

Tachycardia

A

When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute.

41
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).

42
Q

Growth factors

A

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury

43
Q

Blood vessels

A

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.

44
Q

Arteries

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and to the lungs.

45
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

46
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs.

47
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries.

48
Q

Venules

A

Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins.

49
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

The formation of new capillaries.

50
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels.

51
Q

Venous pooling

A

The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow.

52
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/ diastolic.

53
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.

54
Q

Hypertension

A

Consistently elevated blood pressure.

55
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.

56
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

57
Q

Tachypnea

A

Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.

58
Q

Bradypnea

A

Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute.

59
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath or labored breathing.

60
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area.

61
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.

62
Q

Enzyme

A

A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.

63
Q

Target (receptor) cell

A

Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.

64
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.

65
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.

66
Q

Pancreas

A

An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.

67
Q

Thyroid gland

A

An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.

68
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.

69
Q

Adrenal gland

A

A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.

70
Q

Reproductive glands

A

Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.

71
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.

72
Q

Substrates

A

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

73
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

74
Q

Growth hormone

A

An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development.

75
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.

76
Q

Catabolic

A

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.

77
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

78
Q

Overtraining

A

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.

79
Q

Anabolic

A

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.

80
Q

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

A

Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.

81
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density.

82
Q

Glucose intolerance

A

A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels.