chapter 6 Flashcards
The cardiorespiratory system is comprised of …
the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.
The respiratory system is comprised of…
the respiratory airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles.
The heart is contained in
the mediastinum.
A normal heart rate ranges from
60 to 100 beats per minute.
Each side of the heart has two chambers:
an atrium and a ventricle.
The body will increase the heart rate in response to
exercise and decrease the heart rate during sleep.
The electrical conduction system of the heart is responsible for…
Electrical Conduction for Heart’s Function
Hearts Function begins with the sinoatrial node, which is in the right atrium.
The sinoatrial node is referred to as
the pacemaker of the heart
To where does the SA node send electrical signals?
Atrioventricular node / Ventricles
sends to atrioventricular node and ultimately into the ventricles
The right atrium gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body and then sends it to the…
… right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the
… left ventricle to be pumped out into the body.
Special valves are present in the heart to ensure that…
… blood is pumped in a one-way fashion.
The pulmonary artery transports…
deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs,
the pulmonary vein transports…
… oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
As part of the normal integrated functioning of the cardiorespiratory system, the carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated blood pumped into
Right Ventricle
the lungs from the right ventricle and is ultimately expelled to the environment through normal expiration.
Carbon Dioxide / deoxygentaed blood >>> Right Ventricle >>> Lungs
Stroke volume is:
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.
End-diastolic volume is
the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction,
the end-systolic volume is:
the amount of blood present in the ventricle after contraction.
Stroke volume is ultimately:
a product of end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume.
Cardiac output is
Blood Pumped / min = HR +Stroke Volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both heart rate and stroke volume.
Normal blood pressure is:
a systolic less than 120 mm Hg with a diastolic of less than 80 mm Hg.
Arteries transport blood:
away from the heart to the body,
veins transport blood…
back to the heart, and capillaries function as an exchange channel between the vessels and bodily tissues.
Breathing (ventilation) is divided into two phases, referred to as:
inspiration and expiration.
The respiratory system is tasked with:
bringing in oxygen, filtering air from inspiration, and subsequently oxygenating blood from the heart as well as exhaling carbon dioxide.
A normal respiratory rate is
12 to 16 breaths per minute and relies on the primary respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).
During normal inspiration, what happens?
active contraction of respiratory muscles occurs, whereas relaxation occurs during expiration.
During forced or heavy breathing, what happens?
expiratory ventilation relies on secondary muscles to compress the thoracic cavity and force air out.
Diffusion is :
a term used to describe the process of getting oxygen from the environment to the body’s tissues.
Mediastinum
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.
Cardiac muscle
heart tissue
Smooth muscle
organs
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
Atrium (atria)
Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.
Intercalated discs
Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells
Resting heart rate (RHR)
The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.
Bradycardia
When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute.
Cardiac output (Q)
The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).
Growth factors
Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury
Blood vessels
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.
Arteries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and to the lungs.
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.
Veins
Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs.
Arterioles
Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries.
Venules
Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins.
Vasculogenesis
The formation of new capillaries.
Angiogenesis
The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels.
Venous pooling
The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow.
Blood pressure (BP)
The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/ diastolic.
Peripheral resistance
The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.
Hypertension
Consistently elevated blood pressure.
Valsalva maneuver
A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.
Diffusion
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
Tachypnea
Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.
Bradypnea
Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute.
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath or labored breathing.
Diaphragmatic breathing
Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area.
Lipolysis
The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.
Enzyme
A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.
Target (receptor) cell
Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.
Hypothalamus
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.
Pineal gland
A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.
Pancreas
An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.
Thyroid gland
An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.
Pituitary gland
An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.
Adrenal gland
A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.
Reproductive glands
Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.
Substrates
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
Growth hormone
An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development.
Catecholamines
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.
Catabolic
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
Overtraining
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.
Anabolic
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density.
Glucose intolerance
A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels.
