Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Human movement system (HMS)

A

System = collective components, work together
Movement = muscle, skeleyal, nervous

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kinetic chain

A

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nervous system

A

Neurons communicating

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neuron

A

-A cell-
A functional unit of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleus

A

Who: Cellular structure or organelle
what: that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material
How: in the form of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effector sites

A

Nerve fiber Causes glands to secrete

An effector is a nerve fiber that ends at a gland or muscle, causing it to contract or secrete.

such as a muscle or organ,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Electrical Minerals

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Afferent pathway

A

senses to CNS

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Afferent arrives, efferent exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Efferent pathway

A

CNS to Body

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Interneurons

A

Brain, spinal neurons

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

Connects afferent and efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Responds to touch

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary movement

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Automatic Bodily Functions

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Heightened Neural States

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

think of adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased Neural Activity

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Think deep breathing, meditation, prayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sensory function

A

Body Awarness

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Feeling, Knowing your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Proprioception

A

Relative Position, Orientation

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary Processes

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body

(e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Heightened Nerves

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

(think of adrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased nerves

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

(meditation, prayer, deep breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sensory function

A

Feeling your Body

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

knowing your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Integrative function

A

Nervous System Learning

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

Putting it all together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Motor function

A

Neural Response

The neuromuscular response to the integrated sensory information.

Movement, action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory Organs

detect muscle length and stretch, and help the central nervous system (CNS) determine body position and movement.

They are found in almost all muscles of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Self-Protection

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

Sensory Receptors

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

pays attention to tension in your muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Joint receptors

A

Joint Receptors

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

pays attention to tension changes in your joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Brain Growth

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

New pathways change the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neurocircuitry

A

Connections

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

circuits are connected loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Motor skills

A

Specific Movements

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

mind, body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, RibCage, Spine

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

35
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Arms, Legs, Pelvis

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

36
Q

Levers

A

Rigid rods where muscles attach.

37
Q

Remodeling

A

Throughout life, bone is constantly renewed through a process called remodeling, which is a process that consists of resorption and formation of the bone structure by special cells

38
Q

Osteoclasts vs Osteoblasts

A

Build vs Collapse

Osteoclasts are special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue. Osteoblasts are special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

osteo-B-lasts B-uild bone, while osteo-C-lasts C-ollapse bone”.

39
Q

Wolff’s law

A

New Bone Growth

Scientific explanation of how remodeling occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

Use is or lose it

40
Q

Depressions

A

Indented Bone

Flattened or indented portions of bone.

41
Q

Processes

A

Processes Protrude

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

42
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.

43
Q

Spinal cord

A

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.

44
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

45
Q

Neutral Spine

A

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

46
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Osteo Cinematics

47
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint Surfaces

Arthrokinematics refers to the movement of joint surfaces

three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

48
Q

Synovial joints

A

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

49
Q

Nonaxial

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

50
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

51
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to bone: A fibrous connective tissue linking bones

52
Q

Collagen

A

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

53
Q

Elastin

A

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

54
Q

Growth plate

A

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

55
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

55
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

56
Q

Epimysium

A

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

57
Q

Fascicles

A

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

58
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

59
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

60
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

61
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

62
Q

Myofibrils

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

63
Q

Myofilaments

A

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

64
Q

Actin

A

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

65
Q

Myosin

A

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

66
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

67
Q

Z-line

A

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

68
Q

Neural activation

A

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.

69
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

70
Q

Synapse

A

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.

71
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

72
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

73
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.

74
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

75
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

76
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

77
Q

Power stroke

A

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

78
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

79
Q

Resting length

A

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

80
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

81
Q

Type II muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

82
Q

All-or-nothing principle

A

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

83
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.