Chapter 4

Question 1

Physical activity

Answer 1

Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities.

Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).

Question 2

Autonomy

Answer 2

Acting in accordance with how one wants to behave.

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction.

Question 4

Third space

Answer 4

A communal space, separate from home or work, where the client experiences their own sense of identity and relationship to others

Question 5

Behavior change techniques (BCTs)

Answer 5

Client interventions that are used to change some determinant of behavior.

Question 6

Self-efficacy

Answer 6

One’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance; also known as self-confidence.

Question 7

Ambivalence

Answer 7

Describes a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation.

Question 8

Self-monitoring

Answer 8

Observing, measuring, and evaluating one’s own behavior, often in the form of a diary or log.

Question 9

Determinants of behavior

Answer 9

Refers to the psychological, social, or environmental factors that influence behavior.

Question 10

Intention

Answer 10

A construct that captures motivational factors that influence behavior. It indicates how hard people are willing to try and how much effort they are planning to exert.

Question 11

Self-determination theory

Answer 11

A broad theoretical framework for the study of human motivation.

Question 12

Autonomous motivation

Answer 12

When motives for exercise relate to valuing the outcome, when exercise is consistent with the client’s identity, or when the client enjoys exercise.

Question 13

Planning

Answer 13

A concrete representation of when and where exercise will occur.

Question 14

Attitudes

Answer 14

The degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest.

Question 15

Outcome expectations

Answer 15

The expected positive and negative consequences of a behavior.

Question 16

Stress

Answer 16

The state of mental or emotional tension from demanding circumstances.

Question 17

Perceived behavioral control

Answer 17

An evaluation of whether one has the means, resources, and opportunities to perform a behavior.

Question 18

Affective judgment

Answer 18

Referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment.

Question 19

Subjective norms

Answer 19

Belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior.

Question 20

Decisional balance

Answer 20

Reflects the clients’ weighing of the pros and cons of changing.

Question 21

Rapport

Answer 21

A relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well.

Question 22

Reflective listening

Answer 22

The process of seeking to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly.

Question 23

Active listening

Answer 23

Listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying; requires the listener to fully concentrate to understand the speaker’s message.

Question 24

Motivational interviewing

Answer 24

Client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.

Question 25

Self-discrepancy

Answer 25

An internal conflict that occurs when an individual compares their actual self with their ideal self.

Question 26

Sustain talk vs Change talk

Answer 26

Talk that represents and predicts movement away from change. Talk that reflects movement of the person toward behavior change.

Question 28

outcome vs process goals

Answer 28

Outcome goals refer to goal consequences. They represent the final achievement that hard work will inevitably lead to, such as winning a race or seeing a desired weight on the scale. Process goals refer to the daily and weekly tasks that need to be done to reach that final outcome.

Question 29

Implementation intentions

Answer 29

A behavior change technique that links a goal-directed response to situational cues by specifying when, where, and how to act.

Question 30

Coping plans

Answer 30

A behavior change technique that involves anticipating barriers to goal action and proactively preparing strategies that prioritize intentional behavior over counterproductive habitual responses.

Question 31

Self-talk

Answer 31

Internal dialogue in which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives himself or herself instructions and reinforcement.

Question 32

Reverse listing

Answer 32

Replacing negative statements with positive statements.

Question 33

Stopping

Answer 33

The act of saying “stop” out loud to undesired statements.

Question 34

Cognitive fusion

Answer 34

When people believe the exact content of their own thoughts.

Question 35

Imagery

Answer 35

The process created to produce internalized experiences.

Question 36

Appearance imagery

Answer 36

When a person imagines appearance or healthrelated outcomes.

Question 37

Energy imagery

Answer 37

When a person creates mental images that increase energy and/or relieve stress.

Question 38

Technique imagery

Answer 38

When individuals mentally rehearse their technique.

Question 39

Psyching up

Answer 39

The process to get oneself into a state of psychological readiness for performance.