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Human Phys > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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2
Q

What are ligaments?

A

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue, they hold bones together

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3
Q

tendons

A

Band or cord of dense connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or another structure.

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4
Q

Why are there so many bones in the body?

A

To allow a wide range of motion and flexibility.
●
To enable various movements at joints, where bones connect.
●
To perform different functions due to their varying shapes and sizes.

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5
Q

Why do bones have different shapes?

A

Bones have different shapes to perform different jobs.
●
Flat bones protect internal organs.
●
Long bones act as levers for movement.
●
Short bones in the wrists and ankles allow for slight movements.

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6
Q

Why do bones have bumps, holes, and depressions?

A

Bumps are attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
●
Holes allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
●
Depressions can form articulation points for joints

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7
Q

What are the four basic shapes of bones?

A

Long bones
●
Short bones
●
Flat bones
●
Irregular bones

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Small, sesame seed-shaped bones that form within tendons.
●
Often found where tendons cross bones and experience stress.
●
The patella (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone.

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9
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

Extra bones that form within sutures (joints between skull bones).
●
Highly variable and not everyone has them.
●
Form due to additional ossification centers during skull development

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10
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone tissue: dense, packed bone matrix with no air space.
●
Spongy bone tissue (trabecular bone): less dense, with spaces filled with bone marrow in living bone.

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11
Q

What is diploë?

A

the spongy bone tissue that fills the area between two plates of compact bone in flat bones of the skull.

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12
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The shaft or elongated part of a long bone.

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13
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The ends of a long bone

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14
Q

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

●
The region of a long bone that contains the growth plate.
●
Located between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

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15
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Fibrous connective tussue that covers the external surface of a bone. It has two layers: an outer fibrous layer continous with tendons and a inner cellular layer that is responsible for bone remodeling

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16
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A layer of fibrous connective tissue that lines the inside of bone.
●
Contains cells involved in bone remodeling.

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17
Q

What are the functions of red bone marrow? Where is it located?

A

Produces all blood cells, including:
○
Red blood cells
○
White blood cells
○
Platelets
Located within the spaces of spongy bone

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18
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

●
Found in the medullary cavity of long bones.

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19
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Rings of bone tissue found in both compact and spongy bone.

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20
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small cavities within bone tissue that house osteocytes.

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21
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals within bone tissue that connect lacunae and allow for communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.

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22
Q

What is an osteon (Haversian system)?

A

The basic functional unit of compact bone.
●
Composed of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

23
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Bars of bone tissue found in spongy bone.

24
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Bone-generating cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

25
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-building cells that carry out bone deposition.
●
Secrete osteoid, which is the organic component of bone matrix.

26
Q

What is bone deposition?

A

The process of adding bone matrix to existing bone.

27
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that occupy lacunae within bone matrix.
●
Maintain bone tissue and sense mechanical stress

28
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone matrix.
●
Secrete acid and enzymes to dissolve bone.

29
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

The process of removing bone matrix from existing bone.

30
Q

What is osteoid?

A

The organic component of bone matrix.
●
Secreted by osteoblasts and later mineralized with calcium salts.

31
Q

What gives bone tensile strength?

A

Collagen fibers within the bone matrix provide tensile strength, resisting tearing and allowing for flexibility.

32
Q

What gives bone compressive strength

A

Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate crystal structure, provides compressive strength, resisting crushing forces.

33
Q

What is rickets?

A

A condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium, resulting in soft and deformed bones in children.

34
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

A genetic disorder also known as brittle bone disease, characterized by fragile bones that break easily.

35
Q

What are the two ways that bones form?

A

Endochondral ossification: bone forms within a cartilage model.
●
Intramembranous ossification: bone forms within a membrane.

36
Q

What is a bone collar?

A

A ring of bone that forms around the diaphysis of the cartilage model during endochondral ossification.

37
Q

What is a primary ossification center?

A

The first area within the cartilage model where bone replaces cartilage during endochondral ossification.

38
Q

What are secondary ossification centers?

A

Areas within the epiphyses of a developing bone where bone formation occurs.

39
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

A

A layer of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone.
●
Allows for bone lengthening until it closes during adulthood.

40
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

A process of bone formation that occurs within a membrane, primarily in the flat bones of the skull and clavicles

41
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Fibrous areas between the skull bones of infants, allowing for flexibility during birth and brain growth.

42
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

The process of bone growth in width or diameter, involving adding bone to the outer surface and removing bone from the inner surface.

43
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Bone growth in length, occurring at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.

44
Q

What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Reserve zone: contains resting chondrocytes.
●
Proliferative zone: chondrocytes undergo mitosis, increasing in number and adding to bone length.
●
Hypertrophic zone: chondrocytes enlarge, further contributing to bone length.
●
Calcification zone: cartilage matrix calcifies, and chondrocytes die.
●
Ossification zone: bone replaces calcified cartilage.

45
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

he ongoing process of bone resorption and bone deposition that occurs throughout life to maintain bone health and respond to mechanical stress.

46
Q

What are the effects of mechanical stress on bone?

A

Mechanical stress, or loading, stimulates bone deposition and strengthens bone.
●
Lack of mechanical stress leads to bone resorption and weakens bone.

47
Q

What is mechanotransduction?

A

The process by which physical stress on bone is converted into a biochemical signal that influences bone remodeling

48
Q

What is OPG (osteoprotegerin)?

A

A decoy receptor for RANKL.
●
Secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes.
●
Blocks RANKL activity, inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorption by ginding to RANKL

49
Q

What is RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand)? What does it increase or decrease?

A

A ligand that binds to RANK receptors on osteoclast and osteoclast precursors.
●
Stimulates osteoclast formation and bone resorption.

50
Q

What is the Wnt signaling pathway?

A

A signaling pathway that plays a role in bone formation and remodeling.
●
Secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes.
●
Functions in both autocrine and paracrine signaling.
●
Stimulates osteoblast activity and promotes bone deposition. It also increases OPG activity

51
Q

What is sclerostin?

A

A protein secreted by osteocytes, primarily in the absence of mechanical stress.

Inhibits osteoblast activity and promotes osteoclast activity, leading to bone resorption.

52
Q

What are the hormonal influences on bone remodeling?

A

Growth hormone: Stimulates bone growth during childhood and adolescence.
Thyroxine: Works with growth hormone to stimulate osteoblast activity.
●
Estrogen: Suppresses osteoclast activity, protecting against bone loss.
●
Testosterone: Stimulates osteoblast activity and contributes to bone density.
●
Parathyroid hormone: Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.
●
Calcitonin: Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.
●
Glucocorticoids: Decrease osteoblast activity and increase bone resorption.

53
Q

What is glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis?

A

A type of osteoporosis that can develop as a side effect of long-term glucocorticoid use, such as prednisone, due to decreased osteoblast activity and increased bone resorption.

Human Phys (7 decks)

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