Chapter 6

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Reduced response when a stimulus is presented repeatedly

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

Occurs with new stimulus

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 3

Stimulus that evokes an automatic response
E.g perceive pizza = induced hunger & salivating

Question 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 4

Automatic response to UCS
E.g feeling hunger & salivating in the sight of pizza

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

Previously neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response
E.g dogs hearing the bell ring (CS) evokes preparation for food

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

Learned reaction to a CS
E.g dogs Induced hunger (CR) after hearing the bell ring

Question 7

Stimulus generalization

Answer 7

Responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to response produced by an established CS

Question 8

Evaluating Conditioning

Answer 8

Changes in whether you like something resulting from it being paired with another positive or negative stimulus

Question 9

Classical Conditioning summarized

Answer 9

Eating a Dog treat (unconditioned stimulus) evokes hunger, salivating (unconditioned response) and When bell rings while dog eats trick it is just a neutral stimulus. Now the bell rings and the dog becomes hungry and awaits treat. The bell is now paired with the treat (conditioned stimulus).

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

Involves learning new voluntary responses

Shaping by successive approximations
- reinforce closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Question 11

Resistance to Extinction

Answer 11

Animal continues to respond after reinforcement removed

Question 12

4 schedules of partial reinforcement

Answer 12

1. Fixed-ratio schedule (FR) - reinforcement after a as set number of non-reinforced responses
2. Variable-ratio schedule (VR) - reinforcement after a variable number of non reinforced responses
   Works fastest against extinction
3. Fixed-interval schedule (FI) - reinforcement after a set amount of time
4. Variable-interval schedule (VI) - reinforcement after a variable amount of time
   - strongly

Question 13

4 types of reinforcement: Positive reinforcement

Answer 13

Delivering something pleasurable to reward behaviour
E.g Giving my dog a treat for following a command to sit

Question 14

4 types of reinforcement: Negative reinforcement

Answer 14

Taking away something displeasurable to reward behaviour
E.g removing chores to reward good behaviour

Question 15

4 types of reinforcement: Positive punishment

Answer 15

Delivering a negative consequence to correct behaviour
E.g Your dad beating you to correct behaviour

Question 16

4 types of reinforcement: negative punishment

Answer 16

Taking away something pleasurable as a consequence to correct behaviour
E.g no more video games in punishment for not doing chores

Question 17

Observational Learning

Answer 17

Occurs as a result of observing the experience of others

Question 18

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 18

Not separate from classical & instrumental conditioning