Chapter 5

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Awareness of internal & external events

Question 2

Vegetative state

Answer 2

Eyes open & close but don’t react to things around them

Question 3

Coma

Answer 3

Eyes stay shut

Question 4

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 4

Located in the hypothalamus
Function: “Biological clock”
- SCN sends signals to PINEAL gland
- p gland increases production of melatonin hormone as light decreases

Question 5

Hormone Melatonin

Answer 5

Makes you feel sleepy

Question 6

What suppresses melatonin?

Answer 6

Blue light from smart phones, etc suppress melatonin

Question 7

Circadian rhythm

Answer 7

The Sleep cycle:
- biological activity that rise & fall in a 24-hour cycle

Circa = about
Diem = 1 day

Biological clock correct itself according to environmental cues but can function w/out them

Question 8

What does extended sleep deprivation cause?

Answer 8

It imposes severe physical & psychological consequences
I.e1 getting cold when you don’t have enough sleep
I.e2 lower cognitive performance

Question 9

Why do we need sleep?

Answer 9

Evolutionary perspective: conserve our energy & stay away from predators
Cognitive perspective: help us think better

Question 10

Electro-encephalograph or EEG

Answer 10

Records brain activity

Question 11

Electro-myograph or EMG

Answer 11

Records muscle activity

Question 12

Electro-oculograph EOG

Answer 12

Records eye movements

Question 13

Brain waves

Answer 13

Summed activity of neurons measured by EEG
- brain waves differ in frequency (Hz = number of peaks per second) and amplitude (peak height)

Question 14

5 stages of sleep cycle: Awake & Alert

Answer 14

fast (frequency) & small (amplitude) alpha waves (8-13 Hz)

Question 15

5 stages of sleep cycle: Stage 1 NREM Alpha

Answer 15

Alpha (8-13 Hz) then Theta waves (4-7 Hz)
- “just dozing off”
- hypnagogic imagery
-myoclonic jerks

Question 16

5 stages of sleep cycle: Stage 2 NREM Theta (sleep spindles; K-complexes)

Answer 16

Still sensitive to external world
- Sleep spindle & K-complexes - slows heart rate, lower body temps, decrease eye movement

Question 17

5 stages of sleep cycle: Stages 3-4 NREM Delta

Answer 17

Called Slow wave sleep or delta wave sleep (1-4 Hz)
- deepest stage of sleep
- Needed to feel refreshed in the morning
- suppressed by alcohol

Question 18

5 stages of sleep cycle: REM

Answer 18

Cycle reverses but enters REM instead of stage 1
- rapid side-to-side eye movement
- brain waves resembles waking brain
- no muscle tension (mostly paralyzed)
- dreaming occurs

Question 19

Summary of sleep cycle

Question 20

Sleep cycle Summary

Answer 20

• Sleep cycle repeats 4-5 times per night abt 90 mins per cycle
• REM sleep gets longer; Non-REM sleep (stages 1-4) gets shorter

Question 21

Lucid dreaming

Answer 21

Experience of becoming aware that you’re dreaming
- possibility of controlling our dreams

Question 22

Why do we dream? Theories of dreaming: REM Sleep

Answer 22

• dreaming as wish fulfillment
  Freud proposed that people fulfill wishes in dreams
• activation -synthesis theory
  brain attempts to make sense out of random brain
  activity during REM sleep
• neurocognitive theory

Question 23

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 23

Selectively alter neurotransmitter activity in brain
- blocking reuptake
- mimicking neurotransmitters produced internally
- some opioids mimic body’s own “natural pain killers” aka ENDORPHINS