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Pharmacy Tech Vocabulary 💊Drug Names And Purpose > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synthetic

A

Drugs that are not naturally occurring; produced in laboratory

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2
Q

Semisynthetic

A

A naturally occurring compound that has been chemically altered

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3
Q

Synthesized

A

Produced in a laboratory to imitate a naturally occurring compound

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4
Q

Natural Drugs

A

Drugs that occur in nature. Derived or extracted from plants, animals, and minerals.

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5
Q

Plant Sources

A

Natural products that can be used as drugs, active ingredients or precursor for the synthesis of a drug.

Ex: Acetylsalicylic Acid, Cocaine, Codeine, Morphine, Digoxin, Vincristine, Vinblastine etc.

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6
Q

Animal Sources

A

Another primary source for natural drugs.

Ex: Bovine insulin, Porcine insulin, Pepsine, Thyroid Hormones

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7
Q

Mineral Sources

A

Naturally occurring solid chemical substances found in the Earth and soil, another natural source for drugs.

Ex: Ferrous Sulfate (iron), Fold, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium Chloride, Zinc

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8
Q

Synthetic Drug Sources

A

Drugs produced in the laboratory and are not naturally occurring.

Ex: Adrenalin, Amoxicillin, Barbiturates, OxyContin

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9
Q

Genetically Engineered Drug Sources

A

Genetically engineered drugs are synthetic drugs produced by means of recombination DNA (rDNA) or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs).

Ex: Human Insulin, Recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, Rituxan, Zevalin, Erbitux, Avastin

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10
Q

Recombinant DNA
(Genetically Engineered Drug Sources)

A

When manufacturers use recombinant DNA, they combine two different DNA strands to produce a new strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or rDNA.

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11
Q

Monoclonal antibodies MAbs
(Genetically Engineered Drug Sources)

A

MAbs are hybrid cells created in the laboratory from animals. These new cells can be used to treat tumors and diagnose varios conditions.

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12
Q

Nomenclature

A

Set of names; way of naming

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13
Q

Health maintenance organization (HMO)

A

A type of healthcare/insurance plan.

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14
Q

Formulary

A

A listing of drugs approved for use or reimbursement.

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15
Q

Drug Nomenclature

A

There’s 3 classifications of drug nomenclature which are the chemical name, the generic name, and the brand or trade name.

‼️Not all drugs have trade names‼️

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16
Q

Chemical name
(Drug Nomenclature)

A

The chemical name of a drug reflects the chemical structure of the compound.

Each drug is named according to the strict nomenclature guidelines of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, organization whose purpose is to advance aspects of the chemical sciences.

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17
Q

Generic Name/ Nonproprietary Name
(Drug Nomenclature)

A

The generic name of a drug is a convenient and concise name used by the public to identify the active ingredient in the drug. It’s name is assigned by the drug manufacturer in collaboration with the FDA. It’s usually not copyrighted or trademarked.

insurance companies and HMOs pay pharmacies only for generic meds, according to its formularies cause it’s cheaper

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18
Q

Classification of Drugs

A

A drug may be placed into a specific category based on any one or more considerations.

Ex: Chemical Ingredients, method by which is used, Area of the body that it treats, DRUGS THERAPEUTIC USE and MECHANISM OF ACTION.

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19
Q

Drugs therapeutic use

A

Pharmacological classification, as it describes the drugs effects on the body.

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20
Q

Drugs mechanism of action

A

Straightforwardly describes the clinical action o free drug.

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21
Q

Dosage Form

A

The actual form of the drug (tablet, capsule, suppository, solution, etc.) also called dosage formulation.

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22
Q

Solid Dosage Forms

A

Pills.
Are easy to self-administer. Easier to transport. Longer shelf-life. Accurate dosing. Extended-release provides same desired effects.

Advantage

• Ease of self-administration
• Longer shelf life
• Ease in packaging, distributing, shipping, and storing
• More accurate dosing (because the medication is already in a specific unit/measure)
• Little or no taste
• Release of medication over a longer period of time

Disadvantage

• Difficulty of some patients to swallow large tablets or capsules
• Not appropriate for patients who are unconscious or have nasal/mouth breathing tubes for ventilation
• Medication takes longer to be absorbed, broken down, and distributed in the body

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23
Q

Tablets

A

Solid meds that are compacted into small formed shapes. Usually taken by mouth.Easy to swallow, properly digested in the body, and releases the drug at the proper time to produce the desired effect.

Ex: effervescent, fast dissolving, sublingual, buccal, and vaginal.

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24
Q

Chewable Tablets

A

Tablets that need to be chewed instead of swallowed. Used for pediatric meds (they have flavoring to mask bad taste)

Ex: antacids, aspirin

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25
Q

Effervescent Tablets

A

These tablets NEED to dissolved into liquid before administration. Allowing a faster absorption in the body than a solid tablet.

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26
Q

Fast-Dissolving Tablets/Rapidly Disintegrating Tablets

A

These tablets disintegrate upon entering your mouth, no liquids needed.

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27
Q

Sublingual Tablets

A

Sublingual tablets are disintegrated and absorbed when the tablets is placed under the tongue. Ingredients are absorbed through the lining of the mouth into the bloodstream.

‼️great for meds that get destroyed by stomach acids‼️

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28
Q

Buccal Tablets

A

Buccal tablets are similar to sublingual tablets, with the exception that they disintegrate in the buccal pouch of the mouth, between the gums and cheek, and absorbed into the blood stream.

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29
Q

Vaginal Tablets

A

Vaginal tablets are a solid dosage administered into the vagina and are dissolved and absorbed through the mucous lining of the vagina.

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30
Q

Capsules

A

Capsules are solid medications forms in which the active and inactive ingredients of a drug are contained in a shell.

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31
Q

Soft Gelatin Shells

A

Soft gelatin shells have ingredients added to the shell to give it a soft and elastic consistency; allowing it to be flexible during administration. Filled with powdered, pasty or liquid meds.

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32
Q

Hard Gelatin Shells

A

Hard gelatin capsules are characterized by two halves joined together. Intended for oral administration, but can be open and sprinkled over food or water before administration.

‼️Only filled with powdered meds, never liquids, they will dissolved‼️

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33
Q

Lozenges/Pastilles/Troches

A

Lozenges are hard, disked-shaped solid dosage form that contains a sugar base. Lozenges remain in the patient’s mouth until it COMPLETELY dissolves.

Ex: antiseptic, analgesic, anesthetic, antibiotic, decongestant, astringent and antitusivo effects.

34
Q

Powders

A

Powders are solid uniform particles of active and inactive ingredients all ground-up. They’re separated into two groups, Internally and Externally powders. Internal are administered after it’s been dissolved in liquids. While, external can be applied directly on skin for absorption through the bloodstream.

35
Q

Granules

A

Granules are non-uniform particles, made out of dry grounded wetted powder. Distilled water is added to the package of granules l and the suspension is shaken until the solid particles dissolve completely into liquids.

Ex: Pediatric Antibiotic Suspension

36
Q

Medicated Sticks

A

Medicated Sticks are unique solid dosage form used in topical applications. Such as local anesthetic a, sunscreen, antivirals, antibiotics and cosmetics.

37
Q

Semisolid Dosage Forms

A

Certain meds are only partly solid, as they have a viscosity and rigidity between that of a solid and a liquid.

Ex: suppositories, creams, ointments and pastes.

38
Q

Oleaginous

A

Containing oil; having oil-like properties

39
Q

Emollient

A

Softening and soothing on the skin

40
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels water

41
Q

Anhydrous

A

Without water

42
Q

Liquids

A

Advantage

• Are better tolerated by patients who have difficulty swallowing
• Absorb faster than solid dosage forms
• Offer greater flexibility in achieving the proper dosage of the medication

Disadvantage

• Have a shorter life before expiration
• Can have a bad taste
• Can be more difficult to administer (liquids can be spilled; thick liquids can be hard to pour)
• Are harder for patients to measure correctly
• Might have special storage requirements

43
Q

Solutions

A

A solution is a dosage form in which medications are completely dissolved and evenly distributed in a liquid. The advantage of solutions is that they are absorbed quickly by the body, and the medication will begin to act more rapidly than a solid dosage form.

44
Q

Aqueous Solutions

A

Aqueous (containing water; water-soluble)

Aqueous forms of dosage are administered through various means. All forms, however, are dissolved in water for faster metabolism in the body.
• Oral
• Topical
• Parenteral
• Douches (directed into a body cavity or against a part of the body to clean it)
• Irrigations (used to cleanse parts of the body, such as the eyes, bladder, skin, or wounds)
• Enemas (administered rectally for cleansing or absorption)
• Gargles (clean and treat diseases of the mouth and throat)
• Washes
• Sprays

45
Q

Viscous Aqueous Solutions

A

Viscous (thick; almost jelly like)

Another type of water-based solution is a viscous aqueous solution.
These preparations are semi-liquid in consistency and are best used when a treatment is intended to coat a surface, such as a throat.
Examples of viscous solutions include:
• Syrups
• Jellies
• Mucilages
Syrups contain water and are often sugar or sweetener-based. Many over-the-counter cough or cold preparations are supplied as syrups.
A jelly is thicker than a syrup and is almost semi-solid in form. This form is most frequently used as a lubricant or vaginal insert. The advantage of a jelly is that it coats and protects a surface well. Many jellies are water-based, but can also be petroleum-based.
Mucilages are very thick, sticky, adhesive liquids. Medication particles are often visible in the suspension. If a medication is insoluble in liquids, but cannot be taken as a solid, a mucilage is the preferred dosage form.

46
Q

Non aqueous Solutions

A

A substance other than water can be used to dissolve a solid form of a drug. Nonaqueous solutions can be preferred for a number of reasons, such as the drug is more potent or effective when mixed in mixed with something other than water. These agents include:
• Alcohol (nonaqueous solutions based on alcohol are called alcoholic solutions)
• Glycerin
• Propylene glycol

47
Q

Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions

A

An elixir is a solution that contains both water and alcohol; elixirs are also called hydro-alcoholic solutions. Elixirs are intended for oral administration and often are sweet solutions. They do not necessarily contain medication. One of the advantages of elixirs is that many drugs dissolve more easily in water and alcohol than in water alone. The percentage of alcohol used in an elixir varies, usually between 2 and 30 percent. The disadvantages of elixirs are the same as with any other solution containing alcohol; elixirs must be used cautiously with children and the elderly or with those who take other medications.
Two examples of aromatic elixirs that do not contain medications are sweeteners and flavoring agents. These non-medicated solutions are used to mask the sometimes unpleasant taste of a medication.

(Elixir- A sweetened liquid used in medication either for its medicinal ingredients or as a flavoring)

(Aromatic- Having a strong or fragrant smell or aroma)

48
Q

Alcoholic Solutions

A

Some solutions use only alcohol as the dissolving agent. Ethyl and ethanol alcohols are most commonly used for this purpose.
There are several useful alcoholic solutions.
-Collodions
-Spirits
-Glycerite Soluions

49
Q

Collodions (Alcoholic Solutions)

A

Collodions are alcoholic solutions that contain a chemical found in cotton fibers called pyroxylin. The pyroxylin is dissolved in either ethanol or ethyl alcohol. The solution is often used as a topical application because the alcohol evaporates after the solution is applied to the skin, leaving a thin film of the medication on the skin surface.

(Solutions of pyroxylin used especially as a coating for wounds)

50
Q

Spirits (Alcoholic Solutions)

A

Spirits are solutions dissolved in either alcohol or water and alcohol. Spirits contain volatile (evaporates rapidly) and aromatic ingredients
Using alcohol as the dissolving agent can speed the dissolving process and render a solution with a greater concentration of the substances. Spirits are usually administered orally but can also be in an inhalant or spray form (as with smelling salts).

51
Q

Glycerite (Alcoholic Solutions)

A

Medications can also be dissolved in glycerin to form a glycerite solution. Glycerin is made from fats and oils (it’s a sweet oil). Glycerin is considered a flexible vehicle because it can be used alone or in combination with water or alcohol. Glycerite is used for certain types of rectal suppositories.

52
Q

Inhalant

A

Some medications are supplied in a dosage form called an inhalant. An inhalant is a medication in a fine powder that is delivered as a fine mist into the patient’s mouth or nose. After it is inhaled, the medication almost immediately enters the body through the very thin walls of the respiratory tract. Some of the smaller airway branches are only one cell thick, which permits the inhaled substance to enter the bloodstream almost instantaneously. This quick action is why inhalers are used as an emergency drug to treat asthma. Another form of the inhaler is a medication in a solution that is sprayed into the nose.

53
Q

Liniments

A

A liniment is a dosage form for topical application to the skin. Medicated preparations of this type are also called balms. A liniment is applied with friction and rubbed into the skin. Liniments are often used to relieve the pain and stiffness of sore muscles or arthritis. Liniments are typically formulated from alcohol, acetone, or a similar quickly evaporating solvent and also contain aromatic chemical compounds. Ben-Gay® is the trade name for a brand of liniment widely sold in the United States and used to treat muscle aches and arthritis pain.

54
Q

Emulsions

A

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that usually do not mix. Emulsions are a type of a two-phase form of matter called a colloid. An emulsion, however, implies that both phases are in the form of a liquid. An emulsifying agent is added to the liquid mixture to prevent the two phases from separating. If the emulsifying agent is not used, the substances mixed will separate into two visible layers

The two most common types of emulsions are water-in-oil emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions. Although the two sound similar, there are differences in how the two are combined.

Quick Facts: In a water-in-oil emulsion, the concentration of the substance is very even and uniform, spreads evenly on surfaces, and interacts with oils on the skin.

Oil-in-water emulsions, on the other hand, are oily, greasy substances dissolved in water or some other liquid. The concentration of the substance is less uniform and the emulsion tends to break apart into globules when spread.

55
Q

Water-in-Oil Emulsion

A

Liquid mixtures distributed in an oil substance. This type of emulsion spreads more evenly than other types, especially when used topically on the skin because the skin’s natural oils enhance the uniformity of the oil base.

56
Q

Oil-in-Water Emulsion

A

Contain oil particles mixed in water. These are commonly used in oral medications because there is little uniformity in the composition.

57
Q

Suspensions

A

Suspensions, like solutions, are mixtures in which substances, called solutes, are dissolved in a liquid, gas, or another solid.
The components in a solution do not separate when the solution is left to stand or when it is filtered. If a material dissolves in a liquid, the material is said to be soluble. A solution is known as saturated if no more solute can be dissolved in the liquid with the temperature remaining constant. An example of a saturated solution is the salt contained in sea water.
A suspension is a mixture of a liquid with particles of a solid. The solid particles usually don’t dissolve in the liquid, and the substances typically separate when the suspension is left to stand. An example of a suspension is a mixture of sand in water–the sand will separate out if the suspension is left to stand.
One important difference between a solution and a suspension is that a suspension must be shaken well before use to distribute any solid particles that might have settled.
Suspensions can be presented as magmas and milks, lotions, gels, and extractives.

(Suspension-Mixtures of a liquid with particles of a solid)

(Solutions- Mixtures of liquids that do not separate when the mixture is left to stand or when it is filtered)

58
Q

Magmas and Milks (Suspension)

A

Magmas or milks are cloudy, thick, viscous liquids made of undissolved medications in water. They must be shaken well before use to redistribute the particles evenly throughout the suspension.

59
Q

Lotion (Suspension)

A

Lotions are thick suspensions intended to be applied topically. They are usually made of a powdered medication in a liquid mixture and are easily applied over large areas.

60
Q

Gels (Suspension)

A

Gels are very small particles undissolved in water. Gels usually have a clear appearance and are used for oral or topical applications.

61
Q

Extractives (Suspension)

A

Extractives are liquid mixtures created from concentrated organic ingredients (plant or animal products).

62
Q

Powders

A

(Powders - Ground dosage of active and inactive ingredients)

Powders are a solid dosage form made of active and inactive ingredients that have been processed or ground into very small particles. Powders have a variety of pharmaceutical uses and can be administered orally, internally, externally, or topically. For oral ingestion, the powder is usually, but not always, dissolved in liquid for ease of swallowing. An example of a powder that is designed to be ingested orally is Goody’s® Headache powder.
Powders can also be applied externally, such as talcum powder or flea powder (for veterinary use). The powder can act topically on the skin surface, or in some cases, be absorbed into the bloodstream. Care must be taken when applying powders, especially by those with respiratory ailments, because powders can irritate the respiratory tract.

63
Q

Granules

A

Granules are pharmaceutical powders that are wetted and dried, then ground up into non-uniform particles. Many pediatric antibiotic suspensions use granules. The granules are mixed with distilled water and shaken until the granules are thoroughly dissolved in the solvent.

64
Q

Aerosols

A

Aerosols are designed to be sprayed as a fine mist made of densely dissolved particles. Pressure from gases used in packaging forces the aerosol to be ejected forcefully in the form of a fine mist. Aerosols can be in the dosage form of an inhaler, or they can be a spray, to be applied topically. An example of a topical aerosol spray is a medication used to treat sunburn or athlete’s foot.

65
Q

Transdermal Patches

A

Transdermal patches are medicated adhesives that deliver medi-cation directly into the bloodstream after being applied to the skin. This dosage formulation is beneficial for administering medication on a controlled release through the skin. Patches are available for OTC products, such as nicotine patches, as well as for various prescription medications, such as those used for motion sickness, pain, hormones, angina/chronic heart disease, and even depression.

66
Q

Extended-Release Dosage Forms

A

Extended-Release Dosage Forms
An extended-release (ER) medication is designed to regulate the rate at which a drug is released from the tablet and into the body. The rate of the release of the active drug varies depending on the drug and the formulation. A delayed-release dose form does not release the active drug immediately after administration.
An extended-release dose form allows reduced frequency of dosing, which can increase patient compliance and lower patient costs.
Extended-release medications are also called long-acting, timed-release, and sustained-release dose forms.

67
Q

Routes of Administration

A

(Route Of Administration (ROA) -Route by which the medication should be administered to the patient, such as by mouth (PO).)

A route of administration (ROA) is a way of getting a drug onto or into the body.

The best route of administration depends on the desired effect from the administration of a drug and the time it will take to achieve results.

In addition, the best route of administration is affected by patient characteristics. There are several patient characteristics to consider.

68
Q

(ROA) Overall Physical State

A

The patient’s overall physical state influences the choice of the ROA for a medication. For example, a patient who is not able to swallow should not be given oral medications.

69
Q

(ROA) Age

A

The patient’s age can influence the choice of the ROA for a medication. For example, a young child might have difficulty swallowing pills; very elderly persons might not tolerate liquids well.

70
Q

(ROA) Overall Medical Condition

A

The patient’s overall medical state can also influence the choice of the ROA for a medication. For example, a patient who has paralysis in both arms might not be able to manage oral medications or inhalers.

71
Q

(ROA) Ability to Tolerate Side Effects

A

Some routes of administration are accompanied by side effects. Liquid forms of medications tend to be more irritating to the stomach than pills or capsules. The patient’s ability to tolerate side effects can, therefore, influence the choice of the ROA

72
Q

Advantages and Disadvantage of Oral Medication

A

Advantage

• Safer
• • More convenient
• Easier to store
• More readily available in pharmacies
• Generally less expensive
• Available in immediate-release or extended-release dosage forms
• Easier to self-administer
• Generally do not require additional administration supplies

Disadvantage

• Inappropriate for children or elderly patients
• Difficult for patients to swallow
• Required to be broken down, absorbed, and then distributed to the body

73
Q

Advantage and Disadvantage of Transdermal Medications

A

Advantage
• Be easier to store
• Be more convenient to use
• Remain on the body for a long time
• Be more convenient than taking a tablet on a daily basis

Disadvantage

• Cause skin irritation
• Pull on body hair

Quick Facts: The difference between transdermal and topical medications is that transdermal medications are applied to the skin and absorbed into the bloodstream for systemic distribution.
Topical medications are applied to the skin and the effect is local instead of systemic.

74
Q

Types of Parenteral of Administration

A

There are many parenteral (outside the intestine) routes of administration.

  • Intradermal: An intradermal injection is injected into the top layers of the skin

*Subcutaneous: A subcutaneous injection is injected into the tissue immediately under the skin.

*Intramuscular: An intramuscular injection is injected directly into muscle.

*Intravenous: An intravenous injection is injected directly into the vein.

*Implant: An implant is a temporary or permanent medical device inserted into the body that slowly releases medication

*Intra-articular: An intra-articular injection is injected directly into the joints

*Intracardiac: An intracardiac injection is injected directly into the heart.

*Intraperitoneal: An intraperitoneal injection is injected directly into the abdominal or peritoneal cavity

*Intrapleural: An intrapleural injection is injected into the sac (pleura) surrounding the lungs

  • Intrathecal: An intrathecal injection is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord

*Intraventricular: An intraventricular injection is injected into the brain cavities, or ventricles (e.g., antibiotics or chemotherapy agents)

  • Intravesicular: An intravesicular injection is injected directly into the urinary bladder

*Intravitreal: An intravitreal injection is injected directly into the vitreous body of the eye.

75
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of Parenteral Medication

A

Advantage

• Fast absorption and distribution
• Convenience for those who cannot take oral medication
• Varied rate of delivery, from a couple of seconds to several hours

Disadvantage

• Action can be immediate
• No way to reverse the amount of drug administered
• Little or no way to reverse any adverse effects
• Very invasive
• Can be very painful
• Pose an opportunity for bacteria and infection to enter the body

76
Q

Inhalation and Nasal (ROA)

A

Inhalation or nasal routes are typically sprays or swabs. Advantages include speed of relief. These medications are absorbed very quickly and begin to act almost immediately. One disadvantage, however, is that they are often short-lived.

77
Q

Ophthalmic Medications (ROA)

A

Ophthalmic (eye) medications are quick acting and easy to self-administer; they are also convenient to use and store. A disadvantage, however, especially in the elderly, is that the medications can involve manipulation of small pieces that can be difficult to access.
Contamination is a common occurrence, which can lead to eye infections. After a container is contaminated, it must be discarded.

78
Q

Rectal Administration (ROA)

A

Administration of drugs through the rectum is done for local (in the case of hemorrhoids) or systemic (antipyretic suppositories) effects. Many anti-nausea medications are provided in rectal form because taking anything orally might result in vomiting. An advantage is that the medication does not have to be swallowed, and patient cooperation is not always necessary. A disadvantage is the discomfort and embarrassment the administration of a rectal medication might cause the patient.

79
Q

Prices (ROA)

A

Otic (ear) medications provide rapid relief because they are easily absorbed into the bloodstream.
However, it is not always easy to tell whether the medication has been fully inserted, especially in children.

80
Q

Topical Medications (ROA)

A

Topical medications are usually used for local treatments. These are easy to apply, short-lived, and do not normally enter the bloodstream. A disadvantage is that they might not last as long as the patient would like.

81
Q

Vaginal Medications ( ROA)

A

Vaginal medications are inserted into the vagina.
These can be used to treat conditions such as local irritation or can be intended for absorption systemically. Although these medications are relatively easy to insert, they can become dislodged if the patient is mobile or ambulatory.

Pharmacy Tech Vocabulary 💊Drug Names And Purpose (9 decks)

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