Chapter#1

Question 1

Rx symbol

Answer 1

Abbreviation for the Latin word recipere or recipe, which means “Take, thou.”

Rx is not, as is frequently supposed, an abbreviation of a Latin word meaning recipe or compound, but is an invocation to Roman god Jupiter, a prayer for his aid to make the treatment effective.

Question 2

The Age of Antiquity

Answer 2

The Age of Antiquity refers to the time span of 5000 BCE (BC) up through (AD) 499 CE. This is the time of ancient humans and the great ancient empires.

Question 3

Ancient Humans

Answer 3

Ancient humans (Caveman) learned from observing their environment, as well as acting on instinct. They imitated animals use leafs, mud, dirt or water on themselves.

Question 4

Pharmacy

Answer 4

The art and science of preparing and dispensing medication

Question 5

Apothecary

Answer 5

Latin term for pharmacist; also used as a general term to refer to the early practice of pharmacy.

Question 6

compounding

Answer 6

producing, mixing, or preparing a drug by combining two or more ingredients.

Question 7

Ancient Mesopotamia 📜

Answer 7

*Babylon, which is referred to as the cradle of civilization, pro-vides the earliest known record of apothecary practice. 📜

*Around 2600 BCE, healers were priest, pharmacist, and physician all in one.

*Archaeologists have found clay tablets that record the symptoms of illness, as well as prescriptions and instructions for compounding, or preparing, remedies.

Question 8

Mithradates VI (King Mithradates the Great) 👑

Answer 8

“father of toxicology”

*For seven years after the assas-sination of his father, Mithradates lived in the wilderness and developed an immunity to poisons by regularly consuming them in small, nonlethal doses. In addition, he used his prison-ers as subjects for testing poisons and antidotes. Based upon his experiences, studies, and writings, Mithradates developed a “universal antidote” for poisoning, known as Mithradates’ anti-dote.

Question 9

Chinese Emperor Shen
Nung 👑🇨🇳👲

Answer 9

In 2000 BCE, Shen Nung researched the medicinal value of several hundred herbs, testing many of them on himself. Addi-tionally, he wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs.

“patron god of native Chinese drug guilds”

Question 10

Pen T-Sao

Answer 10

365 drugs, made out of native herbal plants. Written by Emperor Shen Nung.

Question 11

Pen T-Sao

Answer 11

365 drugs, made out of native herbal plants. Written by Emperor Shen Nung.

Question 12

Echelons

Answer 12

Gatherers and preparers of drugs, similar to the modern-day pharmacy technician.

Question 13

Chiefs of fabrication

Answer 13

Head pharmacists.

Question 14

Papyrus Ebers📜

Answer 14

Egyptian pharmaceutical document is the Papyrus Ebers, writ-ten in 1500 BCE. The Papyrus Ebers is a collection of 800 prescriptions that specifically mentions 700 unique drugs.

Question 15

Ancient Egypt 🇪🇬

Answer 15

The practice of pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by two classes of workers: echelons and chiefs of fabrication. Earliest records of medicine in Ancient Egypt date to 2900 BCE.

Question 16

Charata Samhita
“Compendium of Wandering Physicians” 🇮🇳

Answer 16

More than 2,000 drugs are recorded in the Charaka Samhita, an ancient Indian manuscript originating from as early as 1000 BCE. The Charaka Samhita, which means “compendium of wandering physicians,” is the work of multiple authors and was written in Sanskrit, an ancient Indian language.

Question 17

Terra Sigilata
“Sealed Earth” 💊

Answer 17

First therapeutic agent to bear a trademark. Originating in ancient Greece prior to 500 BCE off the island of Lemnos, Terra Sigilata was a small clay tablet, similar in size to an aspirin. Each year, clay from Lemnos was dug in the presence of political and religious leaders, then processed and marked with a an official seal. Precursor to today’s branded and marketed drugs.

Question 18

Hippocrates
“Father of Medicine” 👴🏻📜🩺

Answer 18

An ancient Greek physician who lived between 460 BCE and 377 BCE. He was a third-generation physician, philosopher, and professor at the Cos School of Medi-cine. Known as the father of medicine, Hippocrates is commonly regarded as one of the most notable figures of all time in medicine. Wrote the Corpus Hippo- craticum.

Question 19

Corpus Hippo-craticum 📜 🚫👻👹

Answer 19

Corpus Hippo-craticum, rejected the widely held view that illness was connected to mystical or demonic forces; instead, it positioned medicine as a branch of science.

Question 20

Humors

Answer 20

Balance or harmony, of four basic bodily fluids, known as humors, which also related to a mood or personality characteristic: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and dark or black bile.

Question 21

Humor: Blood 🩸

Answer 21

joyful or happy

Question 22

Humor: Phlegm

Answer 22

lethargic

Question 23

Humor: Yellow Bile 😡

Answer 23

Irritable

Question 24

Humor: Dark or Black Bile 😤

Answer 24

angry

Question 25

Hippocratic Oath

Answer 25

Modern physicians still take the Hippocratic Oath, as part of which they pledge to “do no harm.”