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SOC 203 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

any behaviour, trait, or belief that departs from a social norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group

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2
Q

Crime

A

any deviant act that violates the criminal law- a formally stated set of social norms

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3
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

key figure in talking about crime and deviance

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4
Q

Laws

A

rules of conduct specifying what a society members may and may not do that punish violators

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5
Q

Moral Panic

A

occurs when a condition, episode, person, or group of people, emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests

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6
Q

Moral Entrepreneurs

A

people who launch such moral panics through ‘deviance amplification,’ drawing attention to the deviant behaviour of smaller. usually powerless social groups

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7
Q

5 Criteria that Identify a Moral Panic

A
  1. Concern
  2. Hostility
  3. Consensus
  4. Disproportionate Reaction
  5. Volatile Shifts in public mood about this matter
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8
Q

Crimes are either against _______ or ________

A

property, persons

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9
Q

Crime Funnel

A

a process in which ever-fewer people continue through the justice system, from criminal act to punishment

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10
Q

Self-Reporting

A

the victim reports to authorities that a crime has occurred
- not accurate

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11
Q

Victimization Surveys

A

samples of people are asked how many times within a given period they have been the victim of specific crimes
- a better measure but may still be inaccurate

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12
Q

Crime Severity Index

A

a measure that tracks changes in the severity of police-reported crime and assigns each offence a weight

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13
Q

Social Order

A

the prevalence of harmonious relationships that exists only when people obey rules and social institutions are controlled and predictable
- manufactured and protected by a society

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14
Q

Social Disorder

A

the uncertain and unpredictable condition in which rules are not obeyed
- environment is unsafe and boundaries of acceptable behaviour are broken down

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15
Q

Homicide

A

the killing of one human being by another including murder and manslaughter

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16
Q

Murder

A

the unlawful killing of another human being with malicious intent

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17
Q

Manslaughter

A

the unlawful killing of another person without enough intent to constitute murder

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18
Q

Assault

A

a crime more common than homicide, occurring at a rate of 500 per 100 000 population in Canada

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19
Q

Hate Crime

A

can be violent or non-violent
- targets marginalized populations

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20
Q

White-Collar Crime

A

committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation

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21
Q

Edwin Sutherland

A

the first sociologist to carry out systematic research on white-collar and corporate crime

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22
Q

Corporate Crime

A

corporations commit crimes in their own corporate interest

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23
Q

Organized Crime

A

a group of professional criminals who practise illegal activities as a way of life and whose criminal activities are co-ordinated and controlled through a hierarchical system of bosses

24
Q

Cybercrime

A

any criminal act in which a perpetrator hacks into a computer network to illegally gain sensitive information or spread destructive software

25
Q

Differential Socialization

A

the process by which different people learn different standards of behaviour

26
Q

Domestic Violence

A

violence against spouses, children, and aged parents

27
Q

Intimate Partner Violence

A

affects nearly one in three women worldwide, over their lifetimes
- local norms are strong predictors of IPV

28
Q

Secondary Victimization

A

suffering caused to a victim of crime by the negative responses of the justice system and other significant people following their primary victimization
- leads to unreported cases

29
Q

Situational Couple Violence

A

conflicts and arguments escalate into physical violence
- both partners may exhibit violent behaviour

30
Q

Intimate Terrorism

A

one partner exerts power and control over the other partner through fear and violence

31
Q

Violent Resistance

A

when a victim of intimate terrorism fights back against their abuse

32
Q

Gladue Report

A

a pre-sentencing and bail hearing report that link the life story of the indigenous offender to broader issues that have affected indigenous life

33
Q

Routine Activity Theory

A

people are victimized because they are ‘suitable targets’ in high risk ‘hot spots’ without ‘motivated guardians’

34
Q

Suitable Targets

A

people who are routinely exposed to crime or who have heightened vulnerability

35
Q

“Suitable Targets”

A
  1. Vulnerability
  2. Gratifiability
  3. Antagonism
36
Q

Gratifiability

A

female sex increases the risk of the crime of sexual assault

37
Q

Antagonism

A

an ethnic or group identity that may spark hostility or resentment

38
Q

Groups with higher risk of Victimization

A
  • seniors
  • juveniles
  • immigrants or ethnic majorities
  • inmates of ‘total institutions”
39
Q

Structural Functionalism Theories

A
  • strain/anomie theory
  • social disorganization theory
  • subculture theory
40
Q

Conflict Theory

A
  • feminist theory
41
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • social constructionism
  • labelling theory
  • differential association theory
42
Q

Strain Theory

A

proposed by Robert K. Merton
- strain is produced when social structure prevents people from achieving culturally defined goals through legitimate means, so they must turn to illegitimate means (ie; crime)

43
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

breakdown of social norms (anomie) causes crime and other deviant behaviour
- breakdown may result from rapid social change
- social disorganization leads to loss of social cohesion

44
Q

Subculture Theory

A

says there are some groups in society that have different norms that are different than the rest of society
- some norms encourage criminal behaviour

45
Q

Subculture

A

groups with norms that set them apart from mainstream society

46
Q

Conflict Theory

A

inequalities in society is the cause of deviant and criminal behaviour
- privilege and white collar crime

47
Q

Feminist Theory

A

patriarchal norms and values promote violence against women

48
Q

Rate Myths

A

women are depicted as responsible for their own victimization

49
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Behaviours are not innately right or wrong, they only become wrong when someone with power ascribes a moral label to them

50
Q

Labelling Theory

A

deviance is not a quality of the act a person commits rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender’

51
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

people learn deviant and criminal behaviour the same way they learn conforming behaviour; through observation and communication

52
Q

Social Consequences of Crime

A

poverty and inequality

53
Q

Robert Agnew’s General Stran Theory

A

strains that are most likely to lead to crime are 1. seen as unjust 2. seen as high in magnitude 3. associated with low social control 4. create some pressure or incentive to engage in criminal coping
- focuses on the negative emotions evoked by the strains

54
Q

Medicalization

A

the process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, in terms of illness or disorders

55
Q

Reasons for Growth of Medicalization

A
  • the rise of the practice of medicine as a dominant, prestigious, and successful profession
  • secularization has allowed medicine to fill the void created by a decline In religious faith
56
Q

Deterrence

A

a justice system that assumes that most crimes are a rational act
- the offender rationally weighs the benefits of committing the crime against the chance of being caught and the severity of the punishment
- assumes law enforcement agencies to be efficient in catching offenders

57
Q

Racial Profiling

A

as any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security, or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, ethnicity, rather than on reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment

SOC 203 (6 decks)

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