Chapter 4 Flashcards
Gender
socially defined notions of masculinity and femininity held by a culture or subculture at a particular point in time
- socially constructed
Gender Socialization
the process by which people learn (and often internalize) specific ideals and practices about what it means to be a girl/woman or boy/man in a given society or group
Toxic Masculinity
the traditional and hyper-masculine norms imposed on boys and men
Sex
a biological classification assigned at birth, often seen as a binary
Intersex
people born with sex characteristics that do not fit typical definitions for male or female bodies, including sexual anatomy, reproductive organs, hormonal patterns, and/or chromosome patterns
- up to 1.7% of the population is estimated to be intersex
Cisgender
describes a person whose gender identity is consistent with the sex they were assigned at birth
Transgender
describes individuals who have a gender identity that differs from their assigned sex at birth
Genderqueer
an umbrella term that describes non-normative gender identity and gender expression
- do not adhere to conventional gender distinctions
Non-binary
individuals who do not identify as man or woman exclusively
Gender nonconforming
individuals who do not behave in a way that conforms to the traditional expectations of their gender
Gender Identity
ones sense of belonging or not belonging to a particular gender
Gender Fluid
moving back and forth between male or female identity
Gender Roles
societal expectations about how members of their gender are supposed to behave
- roles are learned
1st Wave Feminism
began in late 1800s
- focused on women’s right to vote, improving education and economic opportunities for women
2nd Wave Feminism
began in 1960s
- focused on sexual revolution, supported women’s rights to sexual relationships, contraception, family planning, and abortion
Intersectionality
coined by Kimberly Crenshaw
- the interlocking systems of oppression
Structural Functionalism on Gender Equality
gender division of labor is functional for families and for the wider society
Conflict Theory and Marxist Feminist Theory on Gender Equality
capitalism depends on the housework, caregiving, and other forms of unpaid labor women perform
Feminist Theory
focuses on gender-based inequalities in both the public and private realms
Symbolic Interactionism on Gender Inequality
examines how gender-based inequalities are reproduced in our everyday interactions
Liberal Feminist Theory
examines gender-based inequalities in public realm
- ie; gender pay-gap and the glass ceiling
Radical Feminist Theory
examines the private realm
- ie; intimate partner violence, reproduction
Gender Wage Gap
the persistent trend in which men earn more than women in paid employment
- Canadian study shows than men on average make 13.3% more than women (2019)
Horizontal Occupational Segregation
men and women work in different industries or sectors, with those that are male-dominated having higher wages
Vertical Occupational Segregation
the systematic gender differences in earning within the same field
Wage Penalty
the lower pay all workers in female-dominated occupations receive
- ie; education, healthcare, and social services
Glass Escalator
a concept describing the routine ways men working in female-dominated professions are pushed upward toward administrative positions and higher-paying specialties
Glass Ceiling
a metaphor describing how many women having considerable success in the workplace, but fails to advance to senior management positions due to structural barriers
Second Shift
describing how women perform additional and invisible household labour often while also working full-time
Maternal Wall
describing the obstacles pregnant women or mothers face in the workplace
Gender Wage Gap Contributors
- horizontal occupational segregation
- gendered nature of part time work
- gender roles
Sexual Harassment
any unwanted physical or verbal conduct directed towards a person that is sexually offensive, demanding, derogatory, or humiliating
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
an open demand by employers for sexual favours in exchange for certain advantages
The Famous Five
a group of Canadian women activists who successfully petitioned Canada’s federal government on the matter on whether women were ‘qualified persons
to serve in the senate in 1927
- Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy, and Irene Parlby
Feminization of Poverty
women are more likely to experience poverty and lower socio-economic status
Medical Gaslighting
certain groups of people are more likely to experience inadequate care by health professionals
Solutions to Gender-Based Inequalities
- paid and unpaid work
- gender parity in politics
- health-based inequalities and gender-based violence
Employment Equity Act
protects all workers in federal employment against discriminatory hiring procedures
