Chapter 4

Question 1

Gender

Answer 1

socially defined notions of masculinity and femininity held by a culture or subculture at a particular point in time
- socially constructed

Question 2

Gender Socialization

Answer 2

the process by which people learn (and often internalize) specific ideals and practices about what it means to be a girl/woman or boy/man in a given society or group

Question 3

Toxic Masculinity

Answer 3

the traditional and hyper-masculine norms imposed on boys and men

Question 4

Sex

Answer 4

a biological classification assigned at birth, often seen as a binary

Question 5

Intersex

Answer 5

people born with sex characteristics that do not fit typical definitions for male or female bodies, including sexual anatomy, reproductive organs, hormonal patterns, and/or chromosome patterns
- up to 1.7% of the population is estimated to be intersex

Question 6

Cisgender

Answer 6

describes a person whose gender identity is consistent with the sex they were assigned at birth

Question 7

Transgender

Answer 7

describes individuals who have a gender identity that differs from their assigned sex at birth

Question 8

Genderqueer

Answer 8

an umbrella term that describes non-normative gender identity and gender expression
- do not adhere to conventional gender distinctions

Question 9

Non-binary

Answer 9

individuals who do not identify as man or woman exclusively

Question 10

Gender nonconforming

Answer 10

individuals who do not behave in a way that conforms to the traditional expectations of their gender

Question 11

Gender Identity

Answer 11

ones sense of belonging or not belonging to a particular gender

Question 12

Gender Fluid

Answer 12

moving back and forth between male or female identity

Question 13

Gender Roles

Answer 13

societal expectations about how members of their gender are supposed to behave
- roles are learned

Question 14

1st Wave Feminism

Answer 14

began in late 1800s
- focused on women’s right to vote, improving education and economic opportunities for women

Question 15

2nd Wave Feminism

Answer 15

began in 1960s
- focused on sexual revolution, supported women’s rights to sexual relationships, contraception, family planning, and abortion

Question 16

Intersectionality

Answer 16

coined by Kimberly Crenshaw
- the interlocking systems of oppression

Question 17

Structural Functionalism on Gender Equality

Answer 17

gender division of labor is functional for families and for the wider society

Question 18

Conflict Theory and Marxist Feminist Theory on Gender Equality

Answer 18

capitalism depends on the housework, caregiving, and other forms of unpaid labor women perform

Question 19

Feminist Theory

Answer 19

focuses on gender-based inequalities in both the public and private realms

Question 20

Symbolic Interactionism on Gender Inequality

Answer 20

examines how gender-based inequalities are reproduced in our everyday interactions

Question 21

Liberal Feminist Theory

Answer 21

examines gender-based inequalities in public realm
- ie; gender pay-gap and the glass ceiling

Question 22

Radical Feminist Theory

Answer 22

examines the private realm
- ie; intimate partner violence, reproduction

Question 23

Gender Wage Gap

Answer 23

the persistent trend in which men earn more than women in paid employment
- Canadian study shows than men on average make 13.3% more than women (2019)

Question 24

Horizontal Occupational Segregation

Answer 24

men and women work in different industries or sectors, with those that are male-dominated having higher wages

Question 25

Vertical Occupational Segregation

Answer 25

the systematic gender differences in earning within the same field

Question 26

Wage Penalty

Answer 26

the lower pay all workers in female-dominated occupations receive
- ie; education, healthcare, and social services

Question 27

Glass Escalator

Answer 27

a concept describing the routine ways men working in female-dominated professions are pushed upward toward administrative positions and higher-paying specialties

Question 28

Glass Ceiling

Answer 28

a metaphor describing how many women having considerable success in the workplace, but fails to advance to senior management positions due to structural barriers

Question 29

Second Shift

Answer 29

describing how women perform additional and invisible household labour often while also working full-time

Question 30

Maternal Wall

Answer 30

describing the obstacles pregnant women or mothers face in the workplace

Question 31

Gender Wage Gap Contributors

Answer 31

• horizontal occupational segregation
• gendered nature of part time work
• gender roles

Question 32

Sexual Harassment

Answer 32

any unwanted physical or verbal conduct directed towards a person that is sexually offensive, demanding, derogatory, or humiliating

Question 33

Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment

Answer 33

an open demand by employers for sexual favours in exchange for certain advantages

Question 34

The Famous Five

Answer 34

a group of Canadian women activists who successfully petitioned Canada’s federal government on the matter on whether women were ‘qualified persons
to serve in the senate in 1927
- Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy, and Irene Parlby

Question 35

Feminization of Poverty

Answer 35

women are more likely to experience poverty and lower socio-economic status

Question 36

Medical Gaslighting

Answer 36

certain groups of people are more likely to experience inadequate care by health professionals

Question 37

Solutions to Gender-Based Inequalities

Answer 37

• paid and unpaid work
• gender parity in politics
• health-based inequalities and gender-based violence

Question 38

Employment Equity Act

Answer 38

protects all workers in federal employment against discriminatory hiring procedures