Chapter 6 & 16

Question 1

What is perception?

Answer 1

is a process by which individuals
organize and interpret their sensory impressions in
order to give meaning to their environment.

Question 2

What is attribution Theory?

Answer 2

suggests that when we observe
an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine
whether it was internally or externally caused.

Determination depends on three factors:

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Consistency

Question 3

What is internally caused?

Answer 3

those that are believed to be

under the personal control of the individual.

Question 4

What is externally caused?

Answer 4

resulting from outside causes.

Question 5

What is the Fundamental attribution error?

Answer 5

We have a tendency to underestimate the
influence of external factors and overestimate the
influence of internal or personal factors.

Question 6

What is Self-serving bias?

Answer 6

Individuals attribute their own successes to

internal factors.

Question 7

What is selective perception?

Answer 7

Any characteristic that makes a person, object, or
event stand out will increase the probability that
it will be perceived.

Since we can’t observe everything going on
around us, we engage in selective perception.

Question 8

What is the Halo effect?

Answer 8

The halo effect occurs when we draw a general

impression on the basis of a single characteristic.

Question 9

What is the contrast effect?

Answer 9

We do not evaluate a person in isolation.

Our reaction to one person is influenced by other
persons we have recently encountered.

For example, an interview situation in which one
sees a pool of job applicants can distort
perception.

Distortions in any given candidate’s evaluation
can occur as a result of his or her place in the
interview schedule.

Question 10

What is stereo typing

Answer 10

Judging someone on the basis of our perception
of the group to which he or she belongs.

This is a means of simplifying a complex world,
and it permits us to maintain consistency.

We have to monitor ourselves to make sure
we’re not unfairly applying a stereotype in our
evaluations and decisions.

Question 11

What is a self fulling prophecy?

Answer 11

or the Pygmalion
effect, characterizes the fact that people’s
expectations determine their behavior.

Question 12

How to individuals make decisions?

Answer 12

choosing from two or

more alternatives.

Question 13

People satisfice

Answer 13

they seek solutions that are

satisfactory and sufficient.

Question 14

What is bounded rationality?

Answer 14

They construct simplified models that extract

the essential features.

Question 15

What is Intuitive decision making?

Answer 15

occurs outside
conscious thought; it relies on holistic
associations, or links between disparate pieces of
information, is fast, and is affectively charged,
meaning it usually engages the emotions.

Question 16

What is Overconfidence Bias

Answer 16

Individuals whose intellectual and interpersonal
abilities are weakest are most likely to
overestimate their performance and ability.

Question 17

What is anchoring bias?

Answer 17

Fixating on initial information as a starting point
and failing to adequately adjust for subsequent
information.

Question 18

What is confirming bias?

Answer 18

Type of selective perception.

Seek out information that reaffirms past choices,
and discount information that contradicts past
judgments.

Question 19

What is Availability Bias?

Answer 19

Tendency for people to base judgments on

information that is readily available.

Question 20

What is Escalation of Commitment?

Answer 20

Staying with a decision even when there is clear
evidence that it’s wrong.

Escalation is most likely to occur when individuals
view themselves as responsible for the outcome.

Question 21

What is the randomness error?

Answer 21

Our tendency to believe we can predict the outcome
of random events.

Decision making becomes impaired when we try to
create meaning out of random events.W

Question 22

What is risk aversion?

Answer 22

The tendency to prefer a sure thing instead of a risky
outcome.

Ambitious people with power that can be taken
away appear to be especially risk averse.

People will more likely engage in risk-seeking
behavior for negative outcomes, and risk-averse
behavior for positive outcomes, when under stress.W

Question 23

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 23

The tendency to believe falsely that one has
accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after
that outcome is actually known.

Question 24

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 24

decisions are made solely on the
basis of their outcomes or consequences.

Focus on rights – calls on individuals to make
decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and
privileges as set forth in documents such as the Bill
of Rights.

Question 25

What are behavioral ethics?

Answer 25

an area of study that analyzes how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas.

Question 26

What is creativity?

Answer 26

is the ability to produce novel and useful | ideas.

Question 27

What is organizational culture?

Answer 27

refers to a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations.

Question 28

What are Seven primary characteristics that capture the | essence of an organization’s culture?

Answer 28

Innovation and risk taking Attention to detail Outcome orientation People orientation Team orientation Aggressiveness Stability

Question 29

Some research has conceptualized culture into four | different types based on competing values:

Answer 29

The collaborative and cohesive clan. The innovative and adaptable adhocracy. The controlled and consistent hierarchy. The competitive and customer focused market.

Question 30

Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures?

Answer 30

The dominant culture expresses the core values a majority of members share and that give the organization distinct personality.

Question 31

Do most organizations have uniform cultures?

Answer 31

The dominant culture expresses the core values a majority of members share and that give the organization distinct personality.

Question 32

What are subcutlures/

Answer 32

They tendW to develop in large organizations to reflect common problems, situations, or experiences that members face.

Question 33

What does it mean to be culture strong?

Answer 33

core values are intensely held | and widely shared.

Question 34

What are the functions of culture?

Answer 34

Boundary-defining role. Conveys a sense of identity for members. Facilitates the generation of commitment. Enhances the stability of the social system. Serves as a sense-making and control mechanism. Defines the rules of the game.

Question 35

What is an organizatoins climate?

Answer 35

something that is shared perceptions | about the organization and work environment.

Question 36

What is the ethical work climate?

Answer 36

the shared concept of right and wrong behavior in that workplace, develops as part of the organizational climate.

Question 37

how is cutlure transmitted?

Answer 37

Stories Rituals Symbols Language

Question 38

how can you create a positive work envirnment ?

Answer 38

Emphasizes building on employee strengths. Rewards more than it punishes. Emphasizes individual vitality growth.

Question 39

What is a workplace spirituality?

Answer 39

recognizes that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.

Question 40

What is Characteristics of a Spiritual Organization

Answer 40

Benevolence Strong sense of purpose Trust and respect Open-mindedness