Chapter 6

Question 1

Define classical conditioning and describe its process

Answer 1

Classical conditioning: The learned pairing of a previously neutral stimulus to a stimulus that naturally leads to a response

Question 2

Define contiguity

Answer 2

Contiguity: The simultaneous (or near simultaneous) occurrence of events

Question 3

How contiguity influences the strength of classical conditioning

Answer 3

1. Delayed 2. Trace 3. Simultaneous 4. Backward.

Question 4

Describe 4 areas of further findings in classical conditioning

Answer 4

1. Acquisition (learning curve)
2. Extinction and recovery
3. Generalization and discriminating
4. Higher-order conditioning

Question 5

Describe 2 examples of how learning can be shaped by adaptations.

Answer 5

1. Taste aversion
2. Social learning: mate-choice copying.

Question 6

Define operant conditioning

Answer 6

When a reinforcement or punishment follows a response, it changes the probability of the response happening again.

Question 7

Describe 2 complex applications of operation conditioning

Answer 7

1. Shaping: a technique for training animals and ppl to perform behaviors not previously in their repertoires.
2. Chaining: The linking of sequences of responses through the action of discriminative stimuli that act as secondary reinforcers.