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PSYC Midterm- Chp. 4,5,6 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Behavior is changed by experiences

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2
Q

Habituations

A

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

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4
Q

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

A

response in the absence of learning

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5
Q

Unconditional response (UR)

A

response to a stimulus in the absence of learning

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6
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Is then regularly paired with an US

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7
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

response after being paired with an US

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8
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What are the 3 steps to Conditioned Response (CS)

A

Step 1. (US) food ———–> (UR) salivating

Step 2. (NS) bowl + (US)food —> (UR) salivating

Step 3. (CS) bowl ————> (CR) salivating

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10
Q

Two important components of classical conditioning are…..

A

Timing & Sequence of Events

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11
Q

Timing of Events

A

Must be a short delay between the NS and the US

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12
Q

Sequence of Events

A

The NS must be presented before the US

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the time which a CR first appears

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14
Q

What is Acquistion influenced by

A
  1. Intensity of the US
  2. Timing
  3. Sequence
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15
Q

Extinction

A

Elimination of a response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without being followed by the US.

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16
Q

Renewal

A

The reapeance of a CR that had previously been extinguished.

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17
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

NS similar to a CS may produce the CR.

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18
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli

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19
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

(NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)

20
Q

Conditioning a fear response

A

Watson and Raynar conditioned little Albert to be afraid of white rats by pairing the NS (rats) with a US (Loud noise)

21
Q

Conditioned compensatory Response (CCR):

A

CR that is opposite of the UCR
Ex. Drugs taken in same room

22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A form of learning in which behavior is affected by its consequences

23
Q

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

A

Consequences of a behavior determine if it is likely to be repeated

Learning by “Trial and accidental success”

24
Q

Neutral

A

Neither positive nor negative consequence

Behavior will not change in frequency

25
Q

Reinforcment

A

Positive consequence

Behavior will increase in frequency

26
Q

Punishment

A

Negative consequence

Behavior will decrease in frequency

27
Q

What are the 4 Operant Conditioning

A

Positive= presentation of something

Negative = Removal of something

Reinforcement = Increase Behavior

Punishment = Decrease Behavior

28
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

When a reward follows some behavior
Ex. Parents show affection after kid helps with dishes

29
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When something unpleasant is removed after some behavior
Ex. Parents taking away children’s chores after keeping his room clean

30
Q

Positive Punishment

A

When something unpleasant follows some behavior
Ex. Teacher scolding a student for talking in class

31
Q

Negative Punishment

A

When something is removed after some behavior
Ex. Giving a driver a parking ticket

32
Q

Difficulties using Punishment

A

Tells a person what not to do, but does not inform what they should do

Creates Anxiety

Encourages subversive behavior

33
Q

What are the two rules for Schedules or Reinforcement

A
  1. Continuous: Always reinforce response
  2. Intermittent (Partial): Sometimes reinforce response
34
Q

What are the parts of an Intermittent (Partial)

A

Fixed-Ratio: After fixed number of responses

Variable-Ratio: Reinforce after some average number of responses

Fixed-Interval: Reinforce after fixed amount of time passes

Variable-Interval: Reinforce after unpredictable amount of time elapsed

35
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Desired response reinforced each time it occur

36
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforce behaviors after a set num of responses

37
Q

Variable-Ratio

A

Reinforce after unpredictable number of responses

38
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforce response after set time has elapsed

39
Q

Variable-Interval

A

Reinforce response at unpredictable time intervals

40
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Best to increase frequency of a behavior

41
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Best to maintain frequency of a behavior

42
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforce successive approximations of the desired behavior until the desired behavior is performed.

43
Q

Latent Learning

A

Leaning that is not directly observable.

44
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Become activated when an animal observes or performs an action.

45
Q

Insight Learning

A

An “AHA” moment in which there is sudden understanding of a solution to a problem.

46
Q

Preparedness

A

For certain phobias. We are evolutionarily predisposed to be more afraid of certain things.

47
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

Tendency to return to innate behaviors after repeated reinforcement

PSYC Midterm- Chp. 4,5,6 (3 decks)

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