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PSYC Midterm- Chp. 4,5,6 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Info from sense organs

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2
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensory info

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3
Q

Illusion

A

Perception that does not match reality

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4
Q

What are the 5 senses

A

Vison, Hearing, taste, touch, smell

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5
Q

transduction

A

external sounds or tastes or whatever is converted by a sense into neural activity.

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6
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

the more we hear or taste something, the less sensitive we are to it.

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7
Q

Sense receptor

A

Specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity.

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8
Q

Psychophysics

A

Studies how physical properties of stimuli influence our perception.

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50 percent of all time

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10
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

smallest amount of stimulus change humans can detect.

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

relationship between JND and stimulus intensity.

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12
Q

Signal detection Theory

A

theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions.

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13
Q

Synesthesia

A

cross-model sensations
Examples: color associated with num
Examples: associated with color

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14
Q

Selective Attention

A

Process of selecting a sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing

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15
Q

Ignored/minimized stimuli

A

we are aware that its there, we just dont care.

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16
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Stimuli that is in plain sight is not detected

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17
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to detect changes in your environment.

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18
Q

Brightness

A

amount of light reflected back to the eye

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19
Q

Hue

A

Wavelength of light perceived as color

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20
Q

Iris

A

coloured. Controls how much light enters the eye through the pupil

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21
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris where light enters the eye. Can constrict or dilate.

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22
Q

Cornea

A

Bends light towards the lens

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23
Q

Lens

A

Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus

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24
Q

Accommodation

A

changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far

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25
Q

Myopia

A

Longer eyeball

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26
Q

Hyperopia

A

Shorter eyeball

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27
Q

Retina

A

patch of sensory receptors at the back of the eye

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28
Q

Fovea

A

Receptors close to the center of the retina have greatest visual acuity.

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29
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness of vison

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30
Q

Rods

A

sensitive to light. Absent in the fovea. Responsible for peripheral vison

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31
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity

32
Q

Cones

A

Sensitive to color. Found in the fovea. Responsible for vision at the center of the visual field.

33
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Bundle of axons from ganglion cells that exit the back of the eye

34
Q

Blind Spot

A

The hole the optic nerve exits from

35
Q

Feature Detector Cells

A

detect lines and edges

36
Q

What is the difference between Simple and Complex Cells

A

Simple cells respond to bars of a particular orientation
Complex cells respond best to bars of a particular direction of movement of oriented bars

37
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Idea that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors

38
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Opposing colors

39
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

object recognition is impaired due to damage to visual cortex.

40
Q

What are the 3 parts of sound

A

Pitch: sound wave frequency

Loudness: Amplitude of the sound waves

Timbre: complexity or quality of sound that makes things sound unique

41
Q

What are the 3 main parts of an ear

A

Outer
Middle
Inner

42
Q

Outer Ear

A

Helps to funnel sound towards the ear drum

43
Q

What is the middle ear and what are the three ossicles

A

Eardrum and the three ossicles are the Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup

44
Q

Inner ear

A

Sensory organ for sound waves

45
Q

What are the three parts of the inner ear

A

Cochlea contains the
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti

46
Q

Organ of Corti

A

tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing

47
Q

Basilar membrane

A

membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea.

48
Q

Cochlea

A

bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing

49
Q

Place Theory

A

Location along the basilar membrane matches tone and pitch

50
Q

Frequency Theory

A

Rate of action potentials related to pitch.

51
Q

What are Olfaction and Gustation

A

Chemical senses
Olfaction (Smell)
Gustation (taste)

52
Q

Somatosensory

A

Responds to stimuli on the skin, temp, and injury

53
Q

Proprioception

A

Our sense of body position

54
Q

Gate control model

A

Idea that pain is blocked or gated from consciousness by neural mechanisms in the spinal cord

55
Q

Phantom Limb Illusion

A

pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb.

56
Q

Vestibular sense

A

equilibrium and balance

57
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance.

58
Q

Parallel Processing–

A

ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously.

59
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

perception based on stimuli

60
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Perception based on knowledge

61
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Perceive stimuli consistently across conditions

62
Q

Muller-lyer illusion

A

If two objects project the same size image on your retina, the one perceived as further away will be perceived as bigger/longer

63
Q

What is Gestalt Principles and what are they (1-6)

A

Rules that govern how we perceive objects as a whole
1. Proximity
2. Similarity
3. Continuity
4. Closure
5. Symmetry
6. Figure-ground

64
Q

Perceptual Set

A

set formed when expectation influence perceptions

65
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

depth using both eyes

66
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Depth using 1 eye

67
Q

Binocular Cues

A

used for 15 meters or closer

68
Q

Binocular disparity

A

left and right eyes transmit quite different information for near objects but see distant objects similarly.

69
Q

Binocular convergence

A

When we look at nearby objects, we focus on them reflexively by using our eye muscles to turn our eyes inward.

70
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The difference in the perceived separation of two objects by the left and right eye.

71
Q

Interposition

A

Closer things obscure farther things

72
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines are perceived as closer together when farther away.

73
Q

Texture Gradient

A

Objects seem more clustered together if farther away.

74
Q

Relative Size

A

same object further away will look smaller

75
Q

Light+Shadow

A

Distinguish bulges and indentions in objects

76
Q

Height in Plane

A

objects near horizon perceived as more distant

77
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Processing of sensory info that occurs below the level conscious awareness

Effect disappears when subjects are aware of or suspect subliminal influences

Fairly unlikely to procude large-scale or enduring attitudes or decisional changes

PSYC Midterm- Chp. 4,5,6 (3 decks)

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