Chapter 6 Flashcards
proactive approach
Preventing abuse and harm before it
occurs
reactive approach
Intervening to keep children safe after
alleged harm has occurred
true or false: Poor children, Black children, and
Indigenous children are significantly more
likely to have family involvement with the
child protective system
true
3 phases of the process (protective system)
reporting, investigation and removal and placement
All forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power
Child maltreatments
Until mid 1800’s: focus on
neglected and abandoned children
services are provided through
religious, charitable, or
volunteer groups
The abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) of children was not a primary social concern,
as childhood was not yet widely recognized as a distinct developmental stage of life with heightened potential for long-term harm
As “professional” child welfare agencies
replaced the services traditionally
undertaken by churches and volunteer
groups, there was a new need for________________ to do the increasingly complicated work of assessing and intervening in cases of child protection
for highly
skilled professionals (rather than volunteers
and good Samaritans)
as a result child workers came
1924
First articulation in public policy that children
have distinct rights
The League of Nations adopts the __________________, which articulates that “all people owe children the right to: means for their development; special help in times of need; priority for relief; economic freedom and protection from exploitation; and an upbringing that instils social consciousness and duty”
Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child
The League of Nations adopts the Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child, which articulates that “all people owe children the right to:
- means for their development
- special help in times of need
- priority for relief
- economic freedom and protection from exploitation
- an upbringing that instils social consciousness and duty”
child welfare principles
- Best interest of the child
- Least intrusive measures
- Child centered approach
- Risk reduction
- Permanency for children
- Keeping siblings together
- Strengths based approach
child neglect
poverty, classisim
domestic violence
patriarchy, gender oppression
child neglect and domestic violence are often __________ rather than involving_________
chronic, complex and ongoing rather than involving single incidents
Canada has a national study of child maltreatment called
Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS)
CIS was implemented in 1998 as the first national study of child abuse in Canada and includes data on:
Children who come to child welfare attention for
suspected abuse or neglect
- Characteristics of children and families investigated by child welfare authorities
- Overall incidence rates for different types of child
maltreatment
36% of investigations into child
maltreatments were
substantiated
Approximately two-thirds of
investigations were
not substantiated
92% of investigations did not
result in
protective placement.
Of the 8% of investigations that resulted in moving the child to achieve protection:
4% were moved to an informal arrangement with a
relative (informal kinship care)
* 4% were moved to foster care or formal kinship care placement
* Less than 1% were moved to an institutional setting (group home or treatment centre)
In substantiated cases, the two most
frequently occurring categories of
maltreatment indicated as primary concerns
were:
Witnessing or exposure to domestic violence
(34%)
Child neglect (34%)
Negative consequences for children
Academic difficulties: 23%
* Mental health issues: 19%
* Aggression: 15%
* Attachment issues: 14%
was the incidence of all maltreatment- related investigations nearly identical for male and female?
yes
in terms of age, the highest rate of investigation was for…
infants
true or false : the incidence of substained maltreatment was not nearly identical for males and females
false
the highest substantiation rate was for
infants
For each investigated child, the social worker identified the person who was the
primary caregiver
primary caregiver is..
female
caregivers are between the ages
31-40
in 94% of substained investigations, the primary care giver was a
biological parent
rarely was the caregiver under the age of 20 and over age of 50 in cases of
substantiated maltreatment
in 78% of substantiated child maltreatment investigations
at least one primary risk factor was reported
The most frequently noted concerns for primary care givers were
being a victim of domestic violence, having few social reports, having mental issues.
1/3 of children in substantiated investigations were living in_________ 44% in_________ and 11% ________
purchased homes
rental accommodations
public housing
33% of substantiated investigations involved famillies receiving
social assistance or other benefits as their source of income
20% of investigations involved…
families that have moved at least once in previous year
Potential child maltreatment is more likely to be
reported and substantiated when involving
First Nations children
The rate of investigations is ______ times higher for
Indigenous children than non-Indigenous children
4.2
The substantiation rate for child welfare investigations involving _______________ is 4 times the substantiation rate for investigations involving _________________
First Nations children
non- Indigenous children
The greatest disparity was in cases of
child neglect
In Canada, 52.2% of children in _________
are Indigenous, even though Indigenous
children account for only _____ of the
population
foster care, 7.7%
is the primary driver of the over-
representation of Indigenous children in the child welfare system
child neglect
____ First Nations children are investigated for neglect for every_____ non-Indigenous child investigated for neglect”
six, one
Cases of neglect involving Indigenous children are more likely to be______________than neglect cases involving non- Indigenous children
substantiated
The over-representation of Indigenous children in the child welfare system has been called a
humanitarian crisis
Almost half of Indigenous
children live
on-reserve
The rate of housing
overcrowding on reserves
is ________ the rate of
housing overcrowding for
non-Indigenous people
7 times
43% of homes on reserve
need _________compared to
7% of Canadian homes
Inadequate housing is a
direct manifestation of
poverty
repairs
Inadequate housing is a
direct manifestation of poverty
The over-representation of First Nations
children in the child welfare system is also the
result of a series of policies which sought to
purposefully disrupt and separate Indigenous
families as a tool of _________________________Indigenous children to a Eurocentric cultures
colonization, cultural
imperialism, and the socialization of indigenous children
the forceful imposition
of the culture of dominant (powerful) groups
over less powerful groups
Cultural imperialism
resendential schools introduced by
Canada’s first Prime Minister, Sir John A.
Macdonald
introduced resedential schools as…
as a nationwide program of assimilation
in 1883
Macdonald sent politician and journalist __________ to study industrial schools in the United States as a model for Indigenous education in Canada
Nicholas Flood Davin
In his final Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and
Half-Breeds (1879), who said:
* “If anything is to be done with the Indian, we
must catch him very young. The children must
be kept constantly within the circle of civilized
conditions”
Davin
residential schools were funded by and ran by
federal gov and ran by religious groups such as catholic church
In 1920 under the Indian Act,
attendance at residential schools
become mandatory and it became illegal for Indigenous children
to attend other educational institutions
Residential schools lasted until the last school
in Saskatchewan closed in 1996
Who told the house of commons that residential schools would be one of the main weapons used to eliminate the “savage” before it grew to become incorrigible(bad, beyond correction).who told the House of Commons in 1883 that?
John A Macdonald
who said “When the school is on the reserve the child lives with its parents, who are savages, he is surrounded by savages, and though he may learn to read and write his habits and training and mode of thought are Indian,” said Macdonald, in a passage quoted by the report. “He is simply a savage that can read and write.”
John A. McDonald
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
(TRC) final report concluded that the
residential school system was the ___________ in Canada of a program cultural of
genocide
primary mechanism
destruction of those structures and practices that allow the group to continue as a group”
Cultural genocide
maltreatment for Indigenous
children:
physical, sexual, emotional, and
neglect
unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, and overcrowding led to rampant sickness and death
The recent unearthing of unmarked graves on the
sites of former residential schools indicate that
residential schools were not just a program of
attempted cultural genocide but also a potential
___________ as well
physical genocide
When the Indian residential schools were operating, children were
forcibly removed from their homes
The children were punished
if they (residential schools)
used their own language, sang their own songs, or
told their own stories
alarming national phenomenon in which Status
Indian children were taken from their homes and communities by child welfare authorities to be placed in non-Aboriginal foster homes for adoption
sixties scoop
sixties scoop was term coined by
Patrick Johnston in Native Children and the Child
Welfare System
“The actual term ‘Sixties Scoop’ came from a long-time employee of the B.C. Ministry of Human Resources whom Johnston personally interviewed. This person ‘admitted that provincial social workers would, ______________________ from
reserves on the slightest pretext.’”
quite literally, scoop children
who has responsibility for Indigenous
affairs and relations
fed gov
In 1951
the Indian Act was amended with the
addition of section 88
This section made provincial laws of “_____________” that applied to all people and also
applicable to Status Indians on reserve in any province
general application
Because child welfare is legislated and administered at the provincial level, this means that
provincial governments now had jurisdiction for child welfare for Indigenous people on reserves
Further, data shows that little to no effort was placed on finding placements with Indigenous families for Indigenous children who were removed from homes. As a result….
Indigenous children were often routinely placed
with White families
This disparity of black Canadians is directly connected to
anti-Black racism and the over-
surveillance of Black families by
systems of social control
Approximately half of Black Canadians live in
ontario
has the largest population of
Black Canadians in the country (36.9%)
Toronto
Black Canadian children are _________more likely to be involved with the Children’s Aid Society of Toronto than non-Black Canadian children
4.2 times
Black Canadian children represent __________
(40.8%) of children in care in Toronto
close to half
Black Canadian youth are also disproportionately more likely to have
simultaneous involvement in the juvenile
justice and child welfare system
Black youth are disproportionately placed “in
residential group home programs, programs …
characterized as the most
intrusive and constraining type
of service”
the opioid crisis is not only a public health crisis but a
child welfare policy issue
the rapid increase in the overuse, misuse/abuse, and overdose deaths attributed either in part or in whole to the class of drugs called opiates/opioids since the 1990s.
opioid crisis
when parents become addicted to opioids or die from an overdose…
the child welfare system is required to respond
how are children being affected by opioid crisis
- child or adolescent poisoning and overdose
- opioid misuse during pregnancy
- impaired parenting and attachment
- material deprivation
- extended separation from parents
there is a growing number of children in foster care because of
opioid use
What is the child welfare system doing to help children and families affected by parental substances use disorders
- supporting attachement and child development
- suppoting the resilience of famillies
- providing resources to treat parental substance use and trauma history
- better serving maternal and child health
- embracing a “family first” approach.
