Chapter 6 Flashcards
emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior
Self-evaluative Emotions
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
In _______________________, securely attached children tend to have the closest, most stable friendships and to be socially well adjusted
middle childhood and adolescence
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
a reliable predictor of later behavioral and adjustment problems
Developing Trust
begins in infancy and continues about 18 months
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control
Situational Compliance
include poor physical, mental, and emotional health; impaired brain development cognitive, language, and academic difficulties; problems in attachment and social relationships and, in adolescence, heightened risks of poor academic achievement, delinquency, teenage pregnancy, alcohol and drug use, and suicide
Long-term consequences of maltreatment
include lack of appropriate weight gain, irritability, excessive sleepiness and fatigue, avoidance of eye contact, lack of smiling or vocalizing, and delayed motor development
symptoms of nonorganic failure to thrive
associated with a greater likelihood of its use and a consequently greater risk of abuse and neglect
corporal punishment
“Children whose mothers were high in ________________________ when young are more likely later to be better at regulating their behavior, to comply with parental requests, to have higher IQ, to use more words referencing mental states
(such as “think”), and to have fewer behavioral problems”
interactional synchrony
Shy children
in child care, experience greater stress, as shown by CORTISOL LEVELS, than sociable children
pattern in an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return; outwardly unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning; 15-25 percent
Avoidant Attachment
“release of ____________, a hormone related
in bonding processes in mammals, has been found to be related to parenting behaviors
in humans”
oxytocin
match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands and constraints the child must deal with
Goodness of Fit
has also been associated with a heightened risk of developing a social anxiety disorder later in life; their amygdalae continue to respond in a vigorous and sustained fashion into adulthood
behavioral inhibition
a parental report questionnaire, have found strong links between infant temperament and childhood personality at age 7
Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ)
“Those with ________________ are more likely to have behavior problems at all levels of schooling
and psychiatric disorders at age 17 (Carlson, 1998).”
disorganized attachment
internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated
Conscience
ability to refrain from certain acts as well as to feel emotional discomfort if they fail to do so
variation of the rhythmic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords
Angry Cry
are presented with new stimulus, they became physiologically aroused, pumping their arms and legs vigorously and sometimes arching their backs (20 percent respond in this manner)
when babies are high in behavioral inhibition
any sexual activity involving a child and an older person
Sexual abuse
these children showed more disturbed behavior, had lower self-esteem, and were more depressed, anxious, or unhappy; often become sexually active at an earlier age and tend to have higher numbers of sexual partners; As adults, they tend to be more anxious, depressed, or suicidal and are more likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder; more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol; may also compromise physical health; more likely to be obese or suffer from stress-related or autoimmune disorders
long-term consequences of sexual abuse
beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship
Social Smiling
including rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral,
cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.
Emotional maltreatment
“____________ itself is associated with poor concentration, lethargy, sleep disturbance, and low mood. These symptoms interfere with the ability to carry out childcare tasks”
Depression
Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of it.
Social Referencing
“Kochanska’s term for wholehearted
obedience of a parent’s orders without
reminders or lapses.”
Committed Compliance
attachment have adaptive value for babies, ensuring their psychosocial and physical needs will be met
Evolutionary point of view
behaviorally inhibited 8 to 12 years old are
less likely as young adults to have a positive, active social life, and more likely to live close to their family of origin in adulthood
“when viewing their own infant’s smiling face, mothers who reported a secure attachment style on the AAI showed greater activation in areas
of the brain (___________________________________) associated with reward, as well as release of oxytocin (a neurohormone involved in social processes)”
hypothalamus/pituitary and ventral striatum
3%
regularly cared for by non relatives
During socialization process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own; children who are successfully socialized no longer obey rules or commands merely to get rewards or avoid punishments; ratherm they have internalized those standards and made them their own
Internalization
Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety
at 8 months, a baby is experiencing both stranger anxiety, wariness of a person she does not know, and separation anxiety, distress when a familiar caregiver leaves her.
show growing interest in what other children do and an increasing understanding of how to deal with them
about 1½ years to almost 3
in Early Child Care
one factor is the type of substitute care a child receives
Infants play social games and try to get responses from people; They express more differentiated emotions, showing joy, fear, anger, and surprise
6-9 months
Siblings
Sibling conflict increases dramatically after the younger child reaches 18 months
become more aware of others’ intentions and feelings; begin to recognize what kind of behavior will upset or annoy an older brother or sister and what behavior is considered naughty or good
“young child at risk for behavioral problems,
a positive relationship with either a sibling or a friend can buffer the effects of a negative
relationship with the other”
how boldly or cautiously a child approaches unfamiliar objects and situations
Behavioral Inhibition
“__________________ highlight emotional
and behavioral problems in elementary school”
Long-term studies
“Social referencing, and the ability to retain information gained from it, may play a role in such key developments of toddlerhood as the rise of ___________________ (embarrassment and pride), the development of a sense of self, and the processes
of socialization and internalization”
self-conscious emotions
glorification of violence, rigid gender roles, and beliefs that diminish the status of the child within the parenting relationship
cultural values associated with higher rates of child maltreatment
process by which an infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.
Mutual Regulation
closely copying all actions they see an adult do, even if some of the actions are clearly irrelevant or impractical
Over-imitation
more irritable and harder to please, irregular in biological rhythms, and more intense in expressing emotion
Difficult Children (10%)
lack cohesive strategy to deal with the stress of the strange situation; show contradictory, repetitive or misdirected behaviors (such as seeking closeness to the stranger instead of the mother or showing a fear response upon the caregiver’s entry)
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
highly inhibited infants,
remain so through the first 2 years of age
do not fit neatly into any of 3 categories
35%
Negativism
drive to try out their own ideas, exercise their own preferences and make own decisions
the tendency to shout no just for the sake of resisting authority
usually begins at age 2, tend to peak at about 3 1/2 to 4 and declines by age 6
studied rhesus monkey that were separated from their mothers 6 to 12 hours after birth; cloth mother and wire mother; none of the monkeys grew up normally and none was able to nurture their own offspring
Harry Harlow
has mothers or other home observers sort a set of descriptive words or phrases (“cries a lot”; “tends to cling”) into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child and then compare these descriptions with expert descriptions of the prototypical secure child.
findings suggest that the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal, though it may take somewhat varied forms
Attachment Q-set (AQS)
Waters and Deane (1985)
infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling
Anticipatory Smiling
the globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate
Basal Ganglia
Inhibited Children
may be born with an unusually excitable amygdala
“In _______, oxytocin levels are related to playful behaviors. In ________, oxytocin
levels are related to positive affect, affectionate touch, and “baby talk”—all markers of
sensitive parenting”
fathers; mothers
can cause brain damage resulting in
cognitive delays and emotional and social problems
physical blow to a child’s head
form of maltreatment found mainly in children
under 2 years old, most often in infants
Shaken baby syndrome
Infants can anticipate what is about to happen and experience disappointment when it does not; his is a time of social awakening and early reciprocal exchanges between the baby and the caregiver.
3-6 months
asks adults to recall and interpret feelings and experiences related to their childhood attachments.
“found that the way adults recall early
experiences with parents or caregivers is related to their emotional well-being and may
influence the way they respond to their own children”
“Mothers who are preoccupied with their past attachment relationships
tend to show anger and intrusiveness in interactions with their children.”
Depressed mothers who dismiss memories of their past attachments tend to be cold and unresponsive to their children
“Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)”
“__________________ has profoundly negative effects on mother-infant interactions and is linked to long term disruption in cognitive and emotional outcomes”
Postpartum depression
“Between _______________, securely attached children are likely to be more curious, competent, empathic, resilient, and self-confident; to get along better with other children; and to form closer friendships than children who were insecurely attached as infants”
ages 3 and 5
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return; generally anxious even before the caregiver leaves, sometimes approaching the caregiver for comfort when the stranger looks at or approaches them for interaction; 10-15 percent
Ambivalent (resistant) Attachment
“in part due to dramatic drops in estrogen and progesterone levels”
Postpartum depression (PPD)
injury to the body through punching, beating, kicking, or burning
Physical abuse
can have traumatic effects on the developing brain
severe neglect or unloving parents
Kochanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
Receptive Cooperation
