Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior
A
Self-evaluative Emotions
2
Q
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others
A
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3
Q
In _______________________, securely attached children tend to have the closest, most stable friendships and to be socially well adjusted
A
middle childhood and adolescence
4
Q
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
A
a reliable predictor of later behavioral and adjustment problems
5
Q
Developing Trust
A
begins in infancy and continues about 18 months
6
Q
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control
A
Situational Compliance
7
Q
include poor physical, mental, and emotional health; impaired brain development cognitive, language, and academic difficulties; problems in attachment and social relationships and, in adolescence, heightened risks of poor academic achievement, delinquency, teenage pregnancy, alcohol and drug use, and suicide
A
Long-term consequences of maltreatment
8
Q
include lack of appropriate weight gain, irritability, excessive sleepiness and fatigue, avoidance of eye contact, lack of smiling or vocalizing, and delayed motor development
A
symptoms of nonorganic failure to thrive
9
Q
associated with a greater likelihood of its use and a consequently greater risk of abuse and neglect
A
corporal punishment
10
Q
“Children whose mothers were high in ________________________ when young are more likely later to be better at regulating their behavior, to comply with parental requests, to have higher IQ, to use more words referencing mental states
(such as “think”), and to have fewer behavioral problems”
A
interactional synchrony
11
Q
Shy children
A
in child care, experience greater stress, as shown by CORTISOL LEVELS, than sociable children
12
Q
pattern in an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return
A
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
13
Q
pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return; outwardly unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning; 15-25 percent
A
Avoidant Attachment
14
Q
“release of ____________, a hormone related
in bonding processes in mammals, has been found to be related to parenting behaviors
in humans”
A
oxytocin
15
Q
match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands and constraints the child must deal with
A
Goodness of Fit
16
Q
has also been associated with a heightened risk of developing a social anxiety disorder later in life; their amygdalae continue to respond in a vigorous and sustained fashion into adulthood
A
behavioral inhibition
17
Q
a parental report questionnaire, have found strong links between infant temperament and childhood personality at age 7
A
Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ)
18
Q
“Those with ________________ are more likely to have behavior problems at all levels of schooling
and psychiatric disorders at age 17 (Carlson, 1998).”
A
disorganized attachment
19
Q
internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated
A
Conscience
ability to refrain from certain acts as well as to feel emotional discomfort if they fail to do so
20
Q
variation of the rhythmic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords
A
Angry Cry
21
Q
are presented with new stimulus, they became physiologically aroused, pumping their arms and legs vigorously and sometimes arching their backs (20 percent respond in this manner)
A
when babies are high in behavioral inhibition
22
Q
any sexual activity involving a child and an older person
A
Sexual abuse
23
Q
these children showed more disturbed behavior, had lower self-esteem, and were more depressed, anxious, or unhappy; often become sexually active at an earlier age and tend to have higher numbers of sexual partners; As adults, they tend to be more anxious, depressed, or suicidal and are more likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder; more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol; may also compromise physical health; more likely to be obese or suffer from stress-related or autoimmune disorders
A
long-term consequences of sexual abuse
24
Q
beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship
A
Social Smiling
25
including rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral,
cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.
Emotional maltreatment
26
"____________ itself is associated with poor concentration, lethargy, sleep disturbance, and low mood. These symptoms interfere with the ability to carry out childcare tasks"
Depression
27
Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of it.
Social Referencing
28
"Kochanska’s term for wholehearted
obedience of a parent’s orders without
reminders or lapses."
Committed Compliance
29
attachment have adaptive value for babies, ensuring their psychosocial and physical needs will be met
Evolutionary point of view
30
behaviorally inhibited 8 to 12 years old are
less likely as young adults to have a positive, active social life, and more likely to live close to their family of origin in adulthood
31
"when viewing their own infant’s smiling face, mothers who reported a secure attachment style on the AAI showed greater activation in areas
of the brain (___________________________________) associated with reward, as well as release of oxytocin (a neurohormone involved in social processes)"
hypothalamus/pituitary and ventral striatum
32
3%
regularly cared for by non relatives
33
During socialization process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own; children who are successfully socialized no longer obey rules or commands merely to get rewards or avoid punishments; ratherm they have internalized those standards and made them their own
Internalization
34
Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety
at 8 months, a baby is experiencing both stranger anxiety, wariness of a person she does not know, and separation anxiety, distress when a familiar caregiver leaves her.
35
show growing interest in what other children do and an increasing understanding of how to deal with them
about 1½ years to almost 3
36
in Early Child Care
one factor is the type of substitute care a child receives
37
Infants play social games and try to get responses from people; They express more differentiated emotions, showing joy, fear, anger, and surprise
6-9 months
38
Siblings
Sibling conflict increases dramatically after the younger child reaches 18 months
become more aware of others’ intentions and feelings; begin to recognize what kind of behavior will upset or annoy an older brother or sister and what behavior is considered naughty or good
"young child at risk for behavioral problems,
a positive relationship with either a sibling or a friend can buffer the effects of a negative
relationship with the other"
39
how boldly or cautiously a child approaches unfamiliar objects and situations
Behavioral Inhibition
40
"__________________ highlight emotional
and behavioral problems in elementary school"
Long-term studies
41
"Social referencing, and the ability to retain information gained from it, may play a role in such key developments of toddlerhood as the rise of ___________________ (embarrassment and pride), the development of a sense of self, and the processes
of socialization and internalization"
self-conscious emotions
42
glorification of violence, rigid gender roles, and beliefs that diminish the status of the child within the parenting relationship
cultural values associated with higher rates of child maltreatment
43
process by which an infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.
Mutual Regulation
44
closely copying all actions they see an adult do, even if some of the actions are clearly irrelevant or impractical
Over-imitation
45
more irritable and harder to please, irregular in biological rhythms, and more intense in expressing emotion
Difficult Children (10%)
46
lack cohesive strategy to deal with the stress of the strange situation; show contradictory, repetitive or misdirected behaviors (such as seeking closeness to the stranger instead of the mother or showing a fear response upon the caregiver's entry)
Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
47
highly inhibited infants,
remain so through the first 2 years of age
48
do not fit neatly into any of 3 categories
35%
49
Negativism
drive to try out their own ideas, exercise their own preferences and make own decisions
the tendency to shout no just for the sake of resisting authority
usually begins at age 2, tend to peak at about 3 1/2 to 4 and declines by age 6
50
studied rhesus monkey that were separated from their mothers 6 to 12 hours after birth; cloth mother and wire mother; none of the monkeys grew up normally and none was able to nurture their own offspring
Harry Harlow
51
has mothers or other home observers sort a set of descriptive words or phrases (“cries a lot”; “tends to cling”) into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child and then compare these descriptions with expert descriptions of the prototypical secure child.
findings suggest that the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal, though it may take somewhat varied forms
Attachment Q-set (AQS)
Waters and Deane (1985)
52
infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling
Anticipatory Smiling
53
the globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate
Basal Ganglia
54
Inhibited Children
may be born with an unusually excitable amygdala
55
"In _______, oxytocin levels are related to playful behaviors. In ________, oxytocin
levels are related to positive affect, affectionate touch, and “baby talk”—all markers of
sensitive parenting"
fathers; mothers
56
can cause brain damage resulting in
cognitive delays and emotional and social problems
physical blow to a child’s head
57
form of maltreatment found mainly in children
under 2 years old, most often in infants
Shaken baby syndrome
58
Infants can anticipate what is about to happen and experience disappointment when it does not; his is a time of social awakening and early reciprocal exchanges between the baby and the caregiver.
3-6 months
59
asks adults to recall and interpret feelings and experiences related to their childhood attachments.
"found that the way adults recall early
experiences with parents or caregivers is related to their emotional well-being and may
influence the way they respond to their own children"
"Mothers who are preoccupied with their past attachment relationships
tend to show anger and intrusiveness in interactions with their children."
Depressed mothers who dismiss memories of their past attachments tend to be cold and unresponsive to their children
"Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)"
60
"__________________ has profoundly negative effects on mother-infant interactions and is linked to long term disruption in cognitive and emotional outcomes"
Postpartum depression
61
"Between _______________, securely attached children are likely to be more curious, competent, empathic, resilient, and self-confident; to get along better with other children; and to form closer friendships than children who were insecurely attached as infants"
ages 3 and 5
62
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return; generally anxious even before the caregiver leaves, sometimes approaching the caregiver for comfort when the stranger looks at or approaches them for interaction; 10-15 percent
Ambivalent (resistant) Attachment
63
"in part due to dramatic drops in estrogen and progesterone levels"
Postpartum depression (PPD)
64
injury to the body through punching, beating, kicking, or burning
Physical abuse
65
can have traumatic effects on the developing brain
severe neglect or unloving parents
66
Kochanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
Receptive Cooperation
67
highest rates of victimization
and of death from maltreatment are for
age 3 and younger
68
rhythmic cry which is not always associated with hunger
Basic Hunger Cry
69
"Between the ages of ______________, they are more
likely to trust information that comes from their mother than from a stranger"
4 and 5 years
70
Infants are intensely preoccupied with their principal caregiver, may become afraid of strangers, and act
subdued in new situations.
9-12 months
71
such as guilt and empathy
Moral Emotion
72
sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding breath
Pain Cry
73
Socialization
development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society; compliance with parental expectation is seen as first step toward compliance
74
the sense of being a physical whole with boundaries separate from the rest of the world
Self-coherence
75
emerges during the 3rd year, a mild form of shame
Evaluative Embarrassment
76
(and 3rd year) cooperative activity develops as social understanding grows
2nd
77
Toddlers sometimes become anxious because they now realize how much they are separating from their caregivers. They work out their awareness of their limitations in fantasy and in play and by identifying with adults.
18-36 months
78
allows children to explore their environment more effectively because they know they can rely on their caregivers to quickly come to the rescue if needed
Secure Base
79
the greatest single risk factor for failure to thrive worldwide
Poverty
80
acting out of concern for a stranger with no expectation of reward; roots of altruism can be seen in early empathic reactions in infancy
Altruistic Behavior
81
neurons that fire when a person does something or observes someone else doing the same thing; may underlie empathy and altruism
Mirror Neurons
82
if not, they are at higher risk for both internalizing and externalizing disorders as well as social and cognitive issues, but only when exposed to negative parenting
Goodness of Fit
83
attachment such as joy when mother is around and sad when not
Developing Attachments
84
sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding breath
Pain Cry
85
Long-Term Effects of Attachment
the more secure a child’s attachment to a nurturing adult, the more likely that the child will develop good relationships with others
"attachment security in infancy is associated with peer competence across childhood and early adolescence,
while insecurity, regardless of subtype, is associated with lower peer competence
(Groh et al., 2014)."
86
according to ________ attachment styles are the result of repeated interactions with a caregiver.
BOWLBY
87
"In the ______________, infants growing up with depressed parents show impaired social interaction and developmental delays (Earls, 2010)."
short term
88
children will start to conform to peer pressure and sometimes go along with the group even when they disagree with an action
4th
89
Slowed or arrested physical growth with
no known medical cause, accompanied
by poor developmental and emotional
functioning.
nonorganic failure to thrive
90
significance of being male or female
Gender
91
The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes a person unique.
Personality
92
Helping families in trouble
"Children who have been
in foster care are more likely than other children to become homeless, to commit
crimes, and to become teenage mothers (David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 2004),
as well as to suffer mental or physical health problems in adulthood (Zlotnick, Tam,
& Soman, 2012)."
93
"In _______, oxytocin levels are related to playful behaviors. In ________, oxytocin
levels are related to positive affect, affectionate touch, and “baby talk”—all markers of
sensitive parenting"
fathers; mothers
94
removes a child from immediate danger, but it is often unstable, further alienates the child from the family, and may turn out to be another abusive situation
Foster care
95
"_____ can also interfere in the bonding process. Some mothers report little to no emotional connection with the baby, and attachment
issues may persist up to a full year"
PPD
96
lab-based technique designed to assess attachment patterns between an infant and an adult; infant is 10 to 24 months old
Strange Situation
97
mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations
Slow to Warm Up (15%)
98
"look, smile, and coo at other
babies"
first few months
99
Embarrassment; Pride; Shame; Guilt
from 2 1/2 to 3 years
100
Subjective reactions to experience that
are associated with physiological and
behavioral changes.
emotions
101
inhibited toddlers are likely to turn
into shy 7 years old
102
as judged by their response to hypothetical, age appropriate moral dilemmas
Moral Cognition
103
cognitive understanding that they have a recognizable identity, separate and different from the rest of their world
Self-Awareness
104
Men almost never hold infants. Fathers interact more with toddlers but perform child care duties only if the mother is absent.
Father's Role
105
Self-awareness and understanding that others can think things that you know are not true is also related to another developmental milestone:
LYING
106
Grazyna Kochanska & colleagues
looked for the origins of conscience in a longitudinal study of 103 children ages 26 to 41 months and their mother's playing together with toys for 2 to 3 hours, both at home and in a homelike laboratory setting; after a free-play period , a mother would give her child 15 minutes to put away the toys; the child is then told to not touch anything; after an hour, the experimenter asked the mother to go into an adjoining room, leaving the child alone with the toys; few minutes later, a woman entered, played with several of the forbidden toys, and then left the child alone again for 8 minutes
107
middle frontal gyrus
Prefrontal Cortex
108
12%
cared for by a mix of relatives and non relatives
109
occurs soon after birth apparently as a result of subcortical nervous system activity
Smiling and Laughing
110
"As early as ______________, infants look at the depressed mother less often, show less engagement with objects, and have lower activity levels"
2 months
111
Form of maltreatment in which shaking
an infant or toddler can cause brain
damage, paralysis, or death.
shaken baby syndrome
112
"________________________________ tend to show more negative emotions (fear, distress, and anger), whereas securely attached children are
more joyful (Kochanska, 2001)"
Insecurely attached toddlers
113
"mothers with _______________ showed activation in areas (ventral striatum) more closely associated with feelings
of pain or disgust"
insecure/dismissing styles
114
Attentional regulation enables children to develop will power and cope with frustration
attentional processes
growth of self-regulation parallels the development of the self conscious and evaluative emotions, such as empathy, shame, and guilt
115
Role of Temperament
Neurological or physiological conditions may underlie temperamental differences in attachment.
116
"_____________________________ tend to have larger, more varied vocabularies than those
who are insecurely attached (Meins, 1998), and in preschool, these children use more
words reflecting mental states"
"They show less stress in adapting to child care (Ahnert, Gunnar, Lamb, & Barthel,
2004), have more positive interactions with peers, and their friendly overtures are more
likely to be accepted (Fagot, 1997)."
Securely attached toddlers
117
Secure attachment in _______ also influences the quality of attachment to a romantic partner in young adulthood
infancy
118
Embarrassment; Envy; Empathy
from 15 to 24 months
119
early individual differences; characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations
Temperament
120
"increasingly smile at, touch,
and babble to them"
6 to 12 months
121
affects how children approach and react to the outside world, as well as how they regulate their mental, emotional, and behavioral functioning
Temperament
122
conflict that involves negotiation, reasoning, and resolution
Constructive Conflict
constructive conflict over a child's misbehavior can help children develop moral understanding by enabling them to see another point of view
123
two or three drawn-out cries, with no prolonged breath-holding
Frustration Cry
124
child's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations
Self-regulation
"foundation of socialization, and it links all domains of development— physical, cognitive, emotional, and social"
125
conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being --builds on this dawning of perceptual distinction between self and others
Self-awareness
126
61%
under age of 5 receives child care arrangement
127
most common category; 60-75 percent of low-risk
Secure Attachment
128
Action taken deliberately to endanger
another person, involving potential
bodily injury.
Physical abuse
129
experimental evidence of social referencing at ________________
12 months
130
to grow up normally, infants need a mother who responds warmly and promptly
Mother's Role
131
generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning and accepting of new experiences
Easy Children (40%)
132
respond quite differently; when presented with a new stimulus these babies are relaxed (40 percent respond in this manner)
babies low in behavioral inhibition
133
Babies who do not receive nurturance
and affection or who are neglected sometimes suffer from
nonorganic failure to thrive
134
primary way in which infants communicate their needs
Crying
135
Toddlers explore their environment, using the people they are most attached to as a secure base
12-18 months
136
infants and parents are biologically predisposed to become attached to each other and attachment promotes a baby's survival
Ethological Theory
137
experience greater stress than securely attached children when introduced to full-time child care
insecurely attached children
138
"___________________________, in contrast, often are more likely to have inhibitions and negative emotions in toddlerhood, hostility toward other children at age 5, and dependency during the school years"
Insecurely attached children
139
Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.
Self-concept
140
reciprocal, enduring tie between two people especially between infant and caregiver -each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
Attachment
141
biggest items on their agenda are learning to walk and to manipulate objects, babies pay less attention to other people
about 1 year
142
"early perceptual discrimination may be the foundation of the conceptual self-awareness that
develops between _______________"
15 and 18 months
143
in the face of strong temptation to break rules
Moral Conduct
144
such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy arise only after children have developed self-awareness
Self-conscious Emotions
145
pattern in which an infant quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress; flexible and resilient in the face of stress
pattern in which an infant quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress; flexible and resilient in the face of stress
146
socialization process by which children at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles
Gender-Typing
147
Working Model of Attachment
as long as the mother continues to act the same way, the model holds up; if her behavior changes, repeatedly, the baby may revise the model
148
"symptoms of major depressive disorder experienced within 4 weeks of giving birth that interfere with maternal functioning"
Postpartum depression (PPD)
149
Infants are open to stimulation. They begin to show interest and curiosity, and they smile readily
at people.
0-3 months
150
2 to 13 months of age is quite high
Stability of Temperament
151
realization that they can control external events
Sense of Personal Agency
152
primary or basic emotions emerge;
contentment =joy;
interest = surprise;
distress = sadness,
disgust = anger, fear
First 6 months
153
goodness of fit between parent and child may well be a key to understanding security of attachment; while
poor fit may put a child at elevated risk
154
ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels
Empathy
155
amygdala detects and reacts to unfamiliar events and in the case of behaviorally inhibited children, it responds vigorously and easily to most novel events
amygdala
156
tend to show greater right frontal EEG (electroencephalographic) asymmetry-- a pattern that has been associated more broadly with a tendency toward retreat and withdrawal
Highly Behaviorally Inhibited
157
failure to meet a child’s basic needs, such as food, clothing, medical care, protection, and supervision.
Neglect
158
"adults with insecure attachment representations also show greater ____________ activation and respond with greater irritation than do securely attached adults to
infant cries"
amygdala
159
other research identified a fourth pattern
occur in at least 10 percent of infants; most prevalent in babies with mothers who are insensitive, intrusive, or abusive; who are fearful or frightening and thus leave the infant with no one to alleviate the fear the mother arouse; or who have suffered unresolved loss or have unresolved feeling about their childhood attachment to their own parents
160
42%
cared for by relatives, primarily grandparents and fathers
161
Quality of care can be measured by _________ such as staff training and the ratio of children to caregivers
Structural Characteristics
162
Quality of care can be measured by _______ such as the warmth, sensitivity, and responsiveness of caregivers and the developmental appropriateness of activities
Process Characteristics
163
most important element in quality of care
caregiver
164
_________________ crucial to early cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial development
Stimulating interactions
with responsive adults
165
primary stress hormone
cortisol
