Chapter 6 Flashcards
what are the 5 factors to personality
neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, agreeableness
anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable, sensitivity to reward
neuroticism
diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, dependable
conscientiousness
outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious
extraversion
curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, unconventional attitudes
openness
sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward
agreeableness
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior
behaviorism
pairing two things that did not previously go together and eliciting a response
classical conditioning
a form of learning in which a voluntary response comes to be controlled by their consequences
operant conditioning
happens when a person or animals response to the environment is influenced by observing others who are referred to as models
observational learning
what is the importance of self-efficacy
belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their free will and their potential for personal growth
humanism
what is the emphasis on the humanistic perspective
individuals have the freedom to chart their courses of action and are not pawns in the environment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
self-actualization
esteem
love and belonging
safety
psychological needs
an organized collection of beliefs about the self
self-concept
qualities people think they people
actual self
qualities people would like to have
ideal self
qualities people think they should have
ought self
mismatches between the actual, ideal, and ought selves
self-discrepancies
falling short of the ideal
dejected and sad
falling short of the ought
irritable and guilty
we choose to reference groups of superior quality
upward social comparison
we choose inferior groups as reference
downward social comparison
ones overall assessment of one’s worth
self esteem
an eduring sense of confidence
self esteem triat
dynamic feelings about the self that change with the situation
self esteem state
cognitive processes affect the ability to maintain a view of the self
self perception
default mode, not much deliberate decision making
automatic self perception
active thinking required for important decisions
controlled self perception
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior
internal/external
stable/unstable
controllable/uncontrollable
tendency to use suminal causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life
explanatory style
attributes setbacks to external, unstable, specific factors
optimistic explanatory style
attribute setbacks to internal, stable, global factors
pessimistic explanatory style
what are the two motives that guide self-understanding
self-assessment, self-enhancement
desire for truthful information about the self
self assessment
desire to maintain positive feelings about the self
self enhancement
tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and failures to situational factors
self serving bias
tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful
basking in reflected glory
tendency to sabotage one’s performance to provide an excuse for possible failure
self handicapping
the process of directing and controlling one’s behavior
self regulation
seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person’s self-interest
self-defeating behaviors
forms of self-defeating behaviors
deliberate self destruction
trade offs
counterproductive strategies
short-term, potentially harmful behaviors used to pursue a goal
trade offs
persisting in ineffective strategies to achieve a goal
counterproductive strategies
