Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is psychoanalysis?
goal: help patients achieve insight
insight: conscious awareness of underlying problems
free association: verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness without censorship
dream interpretation: help client understand the symbolic meaning
resistance: defensive mechanisms that hinder therapy, sign that anxiety-arousing material is approaching
transference: client responds irrationally to therapist like they were important figure from client’s past
interpretation: statements by therapist, time consuming, therapist is rebuilding the client
What are brief psychodynamic therapies?
briefer, more economical
focus on maladaptive past
employ in a focused, active fashion
interpersonal therapy
focus on clients current relationships with important people in their lives
What is client-centered therapy?
focus: conscious control of behavior, personal responsibility
person-centered therapy
client and therapist are on the same level
key figure: Carl Rodgers
focused on therapeutic environment
unconditional positive regard: accept clients without judgement
empathy: view through client’s eyes
genuineness: consistency in therapist’s feelings and behaviors
What is Gestalt Therapy?
“whole is more than the sum of their parts”
goal: brings feelings, wishes and thoughts into awareness, make client “whole” again
methods: often carried out in groups, more active and dramatic approaches, role-play
What are cognitive therapies?
focus: role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns, help clients discover and change cognitions
What is Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)?
Activating event
belief system
consequences (emotional and behavioral)
disputing or challenging maladaptive emotions, behaviors
What is Beck’s cognitive therapy?
irrational beliefs
point out errors in thinking
identify and reprogram thought patterns
What are classical conditioning treatments?
exposure: treat phobias through exposure to feared CS in the absence of UCS
flooding: exposed to real-life stimuli
implosion: imagine scenes involving stimuli
systematic desensitization: eliminate anxiety through counterconditioning, relaxation and progressive association
in viro desensitization: controlled exposure to “real-life” situations
aversion therapy: condition an aversion to CS, CS paired with noxious UCS, operant conditioning
What is modelling and social skills?
social skills training
modelling approach
learning of new skills by observing and imitating a model
What is “Third-Wave” Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (CBT)?
concepts of mindfulness
accepting what you’re feeling and thinking
humanistic and Eastern methods
What is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)?
focus on mindfulness as vehicle for change
don’t exert control over thoughts and feelings
What is dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)?
borderline personality disorder
elements from multiple theories
healthy ways to deal with stress
What are cultural issues in psychotherapy?
North American and Western European assumptions: problems originate within individual, take form of dysfunctional thinking, conflict, stress response
not shared by all cultures
cultural norms: not seeking help outside one’s culture, language, access to treatment
culturally competent therapies: understand cultural background, attentive to differences from cultural stereotype as well
What are gender issues in psychotherapy?
focus on circumstances
aware of oppressive environmental conditions
focus on supporting people
gender sensitivity
How do you evaluate psychotherapies?
many variables not controlled
therapist-client interactions varied
measuring therapeutic effects
who measures the outcomes
What is a good psychotherapy research design?
randomized clinical trials (RCTs): random assignment of clients to experimental or control groups
types of control groups: no treatment, placebo control condition
What is psychopharmacology?
study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behavior
200 million such prescriptions written per year
What are antidepressant drugs?
tricyclics: increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): milder side effects than other antidepressants, block reuptake of serotonin
What are antipsychotic drugs?
decrease action of dopamine
reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia
tardive dyskinesia: severe movement disorder
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
observation of schizophrenia and epilepsy
treats severe depression
procedure: patient given sedative and muscle relaxant
What is psychosurgery?
remove or destroy parts of brain: least used of biomedical procedures
lobotomy: destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes
cingulotomy: cut frontal lobes and limbic system
What are therapy animals?
physiological improvements
mental health improvements
stress on animals?
What is deinstitutionalization?
transfer of treatment to community: 77.4% treated as in-patients in 1955, 27.1% in 1990
revolving door phenomenon: repeated rehospitalizations, 3/4 admissions are repeats
