Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are six concepts that determine if something is abnormal?
- The personal values of a given diagnostician
- The expectations of the culture in which a person currently lives
- The expectations of the person’s culture of origin
- General assumptions about human nature
- Statistical deviation from the norm
- Harmfulness, suffering, and impairment
What are the “3 Ds” of abnormality?
distressing to self or others
dysfunctional for person or society
deviant: violates social norms
What is abnormal behavior?
behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional and/or so culturally deviate that people say it’s inappropriate or maladaptive
What is the demonological perspective?
abnormal behavior is the result of supernatural forces
treatment: trephination (hole in the skull)
What is the vulnerability-stress model?
everyone has a degree of vulnerability for a disorder, given sufficient stress
What is the DSM-5?
detailed behavior must be present for diagnosis
categorical system
not ojective
What are the critical issues in diagnostic labelling?
too easy to accept label as description of individual
may accept identity implied by label
may develop the expected role and outlook
What are the emotional symptoms of an anxiety disorder?
feelings of tension, apprehension
What are the cognitive symptoms of an anxiety disorder?
worry, thoughts about inability to cope
What are the physiological symptoms of an anxiety disorder?
increased heart rate, muscle tension, other autonomic arousal symptoms
What are the behavioral symptoms of an anxiety disorder?
avoidance of feared situations, decreased task performance, increased startle response
What is a phobic disorder?
strong, irrational fears of objects or situations
seldom go away on their own
degree of impairment
agoraphobia, social phobias, specific phobias
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety
not tied to a specific situation or condition
What is a panic disorder?
occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense
fear of future attacks
3.7% of population
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
cognitive component: obsessions
behavioral component: compulsions (response to obsessive thoughts)
both can appear separately
How does OCD present in animals?
animals in captivity
stereotyped behavior due to boredom or stress
What are eating disorders?
Anorexia Nervosa: intense fear of being fat
Bulimia Nervosa: binge and purge
environmental, psychological, biological
common in industrialized culture
What are the causes of anorexia and bulimia?
anorexics: high achievement standards, perfectionist
bulimics: depressed, anxious, lower impulse control
higher identical twin concordance rate
What do eating disorders look like for animals?
animals in captivity
undereating
overeating
pica: eating things that aren’t food
What are mood (affective) disorders?
is not a “case of the blues” or “having a bad day”
clinical depression: frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to the situation
major depression, chronic depression disorder
What are the emotional symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?
sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy
What are the cognitive symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?
negative cognitions about self, world, and future
What are the motivational symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?
loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anything
What are the somantic symptoms of a mood (affective) disorder?
loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain
What does depression look like in animals?
more about feelings so hard to tell in animals
anhedonia: loss of interest in pleasurable activities
try to measure sleep, sexual activity
What is bipolar disorder?
depression alternates with mania
manic state: euphoric mood, grandiose conditions, hyperactive/no sleep, rapid speech
What are causal factors of mood disorders?
depression: genetic factors, underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
bipolar disorder: stronger genetic component than unipolar depression
What are the psychological factors of mood disorders?
personality based vulnerability
psychodynamic view: early traumatic losses/rejections create vulnerability
What are the cognitive processes in mood disorders?
depressive cognitive triad
negative thoughts concerning the world, oneself, future
depressive attributional pattern
learned helplessness
What is a depressive attributional pattern?
success: factors outside of self
negative outcomes: personal factors
What is learned helplessness?
people expect bad events will occur and they can’t cope with them
What are learning and environmental factors that cause mood disorders?
behavioral model of depression
poor parenting, many stressful experiences, coping skills, no positive self-concept
What are sociocultural factors of mood disorders?
cultural variation
prevalence of depressive disorders
feelings of guilt and inadequacy
gender difference not found
What are somatic system disorders?
no known biological cause
hypochondriasis (convinced they have serious illness)
pain disorder (no known cause of pain)
functional neurological symptom disorder
What is dissociative amnesia?
selective memory loss following trauma
What is dissociative fugue?
loss of all personal identity
What is dissociative identity disorder?
2 or more separate personalities
each identity is unique
Trauma dissociation theory: DID generally results from severe traumatic experience in early childhood
What is schizophrenia?
“split-mind”: thought, language, and emotion are spilt apart
severe disturbances
delusions: false beliefs
hallucinations: false perceptions
disorganized language
emotion: blunted affect, inappropriate affect
What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?
paranoid: delusions of persecution
disorganized: confusion
catatonic: motor disturbances
undifferentiated: not classified
type 1: positive symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought
type 2: negative symptoms, lack of emotion, expression
What are the biological factors of schizophrenia?
genetics: twins have higher concordance rate
brain: neurodegenerative hypothesis, atrophy and destruction
dopamine hypothesis: overactivity of dopamine system, regulate emotion, motivation, cognitive functioning
What are the psychological factors of schizophrenia?
Freud: extreme use of defense mechanism of regression, retreats to early stage of development
Cognitive: defect in ability to filter
What are the environmental factors of schizophrenia?
stressful life events
family dynamics
vulnerability factor and negative reactions from others
high expressed emotions
What are the sociocultural factors of schizophrenia?
Social causation hypothesis: higher levels of stress among low-income
Social drift hypothesis: as functioning deteriorates, drift down socio-economic ladder
What are personality disorders?
exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
What are the 6 types of personality disorders?
- Anti-social
- Narcissistic
- Borderline
- Avoidant
- Obsessive-compulsive
- Schizotypal
What is antisocial personality disorder?
psychopaths are a severe form
the most destructive to society
punishment doesn’t work
exhibit little anxiety or guilt
lack of empathy
highly manipulative
What are the causal factors of personality disorders?
biological factors: genetic predisposition, dysfunction in brain structures, prefrontal cortex
psychological and environmental factors: absence of father figure, lack of superego, restraints on id are reduced
learning expectations: no conditioned fear responses when punished, exposure to deviant peers
What is borderline personality disorder?
instability in behavior, emotion, identity
emotional dysregulation
intense and unstable personal relationships
impulsive and self destructive behaviors
What are causal factors of borderline personality disorder?
chaotic personal histories
treated malevolently: first memories, parents were abusive, rejecting, non-affirming
biological factors
What is ADHD?
attentional difficulties
hyperactivity, impulsivity
genetic predispositions
brain scans: no consistent differences
What is autism spectrum disorder?
extreme unresponsiveness
poor communication
some savant abilities
What are the causal factors of childhood disorders?
biological basis: larger by 5-10% (age 18 months - 4 years), abnormal development in cerebellum
genetic factors: may be 4-6 major genes, 20-30 others may be linked
no scientific evidence of link to vaccines
What is dementia in old age?
gradual loss of cognitive abilities
accompanies brain deterioration
senile dementia: begins after age 65
onset is typically gradual
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
60% of dementias
deterioration in frontal, temporal lobes
destruction of acetylcholine
