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anatomy and Physiology Chap. 4-6 > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

a) Diaphysis
b) Epiphysis
c) Proximal metaphysis
d) Epiphyseal plate
e) Distal metaphysis

A

b) Epiphysis

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2
Q

The shaft of a long bone is the

a) diaphysis.
b) epiphysis.
c) metaphysis.
d) periosteum.
e) medullary cavity.

A

a) diaphysis.

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3
Q

The ________ is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

a) Periosteum
b) Distal epiphysis
c) Epiphyseal line
d) Articular cartilage
e) Epiphyseal plate

A

d) Articular cartilage

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4
Q

The ________ is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

a) Periosteum
b) Distal epiphysis
c) Epiphyseal line
d) Articular cartilage
e) Epiphyseal plate

A

e) Epiphyseal plate

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5
Q

The ________ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in length.

a) Epiphyseal plate
b) Epiphyseal line
c) Metaphysis
d) Diaphyseal
e) Articular cartilage

A

c) Metaphysis

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6
Q

What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?

a) Periosteum
b) Endosteum
c) Medullary cavity
d) Epiphyseal plate
e) Articular cartilage

A

a) Periosteum

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7
Q

Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell?

a) Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts, osteocytes
b) Osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
c) Osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts
d) Osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes
e) Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

A

b) Osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

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8
Q

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus are called

a) fibroblasts.
b) osteoclasts.
c) osteocytes.
d) osteoblasts.
e) chondroblasts.

A

d) osteoblasts.

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9
Q

Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced are called

a) osteoprogenitor cells.
b) osteoclasts.
c) osteocytes.
d) osteoblasts.
e) chondroblasts.

A

b) osteoclasts.

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10
Q

These cells are active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae.

a) Osteoprogenitor cells
b) Osteoclasts
c) Osteocytes
d) Osteoblasts
e) Chondroblasts

A

c) Osteocytes

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11
Q

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?

a) Interosteonic (perforating) canals
b) Osteonic (Haversian) canals
c) Concentric lamellae
d) Canaliculi
e) Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

d) Canaliculi

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12
Q

15) Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

a) Osteoblasts are less active and osteoclast are more active when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.
b) Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.
c) Mechanical stress does not have an influence on osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
d) Running and jumping will prevent demineralization over time.

A

b) Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

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13
Q

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

A

b) Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

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14
Q

Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?

a) Calcium and chlorine
b) Magnesium and sulfur
c) Calcium and phosphorous
d) Manganese and sulfur
e) Potassium and phosphorous

A

c) Calcium and phosphorous

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15
Q

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis.

A: Zone of calcified cartilage
B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
C: Zone of proliferating cartilage
D: Zone of resting cartilage

a) a,c,d,b
b) b,a,c,d
c) a,b,d,c
d) a,b,c,d

A

d) a,b,c,d

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16
Q

20) In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

a) Endoderm
b) Mesenchyme
c) Mucus connective tissue
d) Osteoprogenitor cells
e) Ectoderm

A

d) Osteoprogenitor cells

17
Q

Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children?

a) Open
b) Comminuted
c) Impacted
d) Greenstick
e) Stress

A

d) Greenstick

18
Q

Mary, an avid runner, was complaining that her lower leg hurt. After going to the doctor, they did not see anything on x-rays of her tibia or fibula. The doctor ordered a bone scan and saw tiny fissures throughout her tibia without any other tissue damage. What is Mary’s likely diagnosis?

a) Pott fracture
b) Colles fracture
c) Impacted fracture
d) Comminuted fracture
e) Stress fracture

A

e) Stress fracture

19
Q

What hormone(s) is/are released from the control center when the control center receives cAMP input; also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels?

a) Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
b) Parathyroid
c) Calcitonin
d) Parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factors
e) Human growth hormone and estrogen

A

b) Parathyroid

20
Q

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

a) Calcitriol
b) Calcitonin
c) Human growth hormone
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) Insulin

A

d) Parathyroid hormone

21
Q

Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?

a) Parathyroid hormone
b) Calcitriol
c) Thyroid hormone
d) Calcitonin
e) Aldosterone

A

a) Parathyroid hormone

22
Q

PTH will increase ________ activity while Calcitonin will decrease ________ activity.

a) osteoblast; osteoclast
b) osteoclast; osteoblast
c) osteoblast; osteoblast
d) osteoclast; osteoclast

A

d) osteoclast; osteoclast

23
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?

a) Fracture hematoma, bony callus formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone remodeling
b) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, bone remodeling
c) Bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone remodeling
d) Bone remodeling, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation
e) Fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

A

e) Fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

24
Q

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ________, which would inhibit ________.

a) hGH; osteoclast activity
b) estrogen; osteoclast activity
c) IGFs; chondrocyte activity
d) PTH; osteoblast activity
e) calcitonin; osteoclast activity

A

b) estrogen; osteoclast activity

25
Q

If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone?

a) The bone becomes stiff and brittle.
b) The bone becomes soft and flexible.
c) The bone shows no noticeable difference.
d) The bone will break into numerous pieces.

A

a) The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

26
Q

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

a) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum
b) Calcification > Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum
c) Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Calcification > Development of new periosteum
d) Development of new periosteum > Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae
e) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Development of new periosteum > Formation of trabeculae

A

a) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum

27
Q

During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from

a) periosteum.
b) endosteum.
c) perichondrium.
d) mesenchyme.
e) mucous connective tissue.

A

d) mesenchyme.

28
Q

if bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ________.

a) deposits
b) withdrawals
c) money
d) bank teller
e) automatic teller machine

A

c) money

29
Q

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

a) Insulin-like growth factors
b) Thyroid hormones
c) Human growth hormone
d) Insulin
e) Sex hormones

A

e) sex hormones

30
Q

Which of the following tissues are part of bone?

  1. Epithelial tissues
  2. Muscular tissues
  3. Nervous tissues
  4. Connective tissues

a) 1, 2, 3
b) 1, 2, 4
c) 1 and 4
d) 1, 3, 4
e) 1, 2, 3, 4

A

d) 1, 3, 4

31
Q

Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?

a) Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.
b) Their bones contain higher amounts of hydroxyapatite.
c) Their bones are still composed of hyaline cartilage.
d) Their bones are still composed of mesenchymal tissue.

A

a) Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.

32
Q

Which of the following tissues are part of bone?

  1. Epithelial tissues
  2. Muscular tissues
  3. Nervous tissues
  4. Connective tissues

a) 1, 2, 3
b) 1, 2, 4
c) 1 and 4
d) 1, 3, 4
e) 1, 2, 3, 4

A

d) 1, 3, 4

33
Q

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?

a) Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.
b) Blood calcium levels decrease when bone breaks down, and increases when bone is built.
c) Blood calcium levels remain constant regardless of whether bone is built or broken down.

A

a) Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

34
Q

Which statements describe spongy bone?

  1. Composed of trabeculae.
  2. Made up of osteons
  3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis.
  4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones.
  5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered.
  6. Gaps filled with marrow.
  7. Maintains strength with light weight.
  8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone.
  9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.
  10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.
A

a) 1, 5, 6, 7, 9

35
Q

Place the events of a fracture repair in order.

A: A hematoma will form and will form a temporary connection between the ends of the bones.
B: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts migrate from the periosteum and begin to produce fibrocartilage to connect the ends of the bones.
C: Osteoclasts resorb dead portions of the new bony area, and compact bone replaces spongy bone.
D: Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone.
E: Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove dead and damaged tissue.

a) A, B, E, C, D
b) A, E, B, D, C
c) E, A, B, D, C
d) A, E, D, B, C

A

b) A, E, B, D, C

anatomy and Physiology Chap. 4-6 (3 decks)

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