Chapter 6 Flashcards
Condon
3 bases in DNA that encode an amino acid
Chromosome
Structure of cells where genes are found
Chromatin
Material of chromosomes of organisms are composed (PROTEIN, DNA, RNA)
Chromatid
Two threadlike strands are where chromosome divides join together at centromere
Centromere
Microtubules of spindle attach in cell division
Alleles (ə-lēlz′)
Genes that are located at the same level or locus in
the two chromosomes of a pair and that determine the same
functions or characteristics.
Amino acid (ə-me′no as′id)
An organic compound containing an
amino group NH2; amino acids are the main component of
proteins.
Autosomes (aw′to-sōmz) (adjective, autosomal)
Nonsex
chromosomes, which are identical for men and women.
Barr body (bahr bod′e)
Condensed chromatin of the inactivated X
chromosome, which is found at the periphery of the nucleus of
cells in women.
Carrier (kar′e-ər)
In genetics, a heterozygous individual who is
clinically normal but who can transmit a recessive trait or
characteristic; also, a person who is homozygous for an
autosomal-dominant condition with low penetrance.
penetrance
the frequency with which a heritable trait is exhibited by individuals carrying the gene or genes that determine the trait
phenotype
the entire physical, biochemical, and physiologic makeup of an individual; genotype is the genetic composition and phenotype is its observable appearance
pseudoanodontia
teeth develop but do not erupt
recessive
trait or characteristic that shows clinically when a double gene dose (homozygous) exists in autosomal chromosomes or a single gene dose exists in males if the trait is X linked
Ribonucleic acid
single strands of polynucleotides found in all cells; different types of RNA have different functions in the production of proteins by the cell
ribosomes
cytoplastic organelles in which proteins are formed on the basis of the genetic code provided by RNA
spermatogenesis
process of formation of spermatozoa
syndrome
set of signs or symptoms occurring together that would describe one condition
taurodontism
genetic, heterogenous condition in which molar teeth with dominant and recessive inheritance patterns characterized by enlarged pulp chambers, apical displacement of pulpal floor and no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction.
trisomy
pair of chromosomes with an identical extra chromosome
spermatozoon
haploid male gamete cell; the product of meiosis in male germ cells
Gene sequence
The sequence of nucleotides ad-
enine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) that
encodes a particular polypeptide.
Genetic heterogeneity
Having
more than one inheritance pattern.
Genetics
The study of the genome, including how
genes make proteins, can change from individual to individual,
and are inherited from one person to another.
Germ cell
The diploid reproductive cells that undergo
meiosis to produce haploid gametes.
Epitaxis
Bleeding from the nose.
Expressivity
The degree of clinical manifestation of a trait or characteristic. 
Facies
The appearance of the face. 
Gamete
The reproductive cells from a male (spermatozoa) or female (ovum). These cells are uniquely haploid and carry only one copy of each chromosome. (23 total)
Gene
Hereditary units, transmitted from one generation to another, that are made up of a sequence of nucleotides and located on a chromosome.
heterozygote
an individual with two different genes at the allele loci
Homozygote
an individual with identical genes at the allele loci
Hypertelorism
a condition in which there is greater than normal distance between two paired organs; ocular hypertelorism, a condition marked by a greater- than normal distance between the eyes
Hypodontia
a developmental condition marked by fewer than normal teeth, also called partial anodontia
Hypohidrosis
abnormally diminished secretion of sweat
Coloboma
A congenital defect of the eye; notch
on the outer area of the lower lid.
Consanguinity
Blood relationship; in gemetics the term is generally used to describe a mating or marriage between close relatives.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A substance composed of a double chain of polynucleotides, with
both chains coiled around a central axis to form a double helix; it
is the basic genetic code or template for amino acid formation.
Diploid
Having two sets of chromosomes; the normal constitution of somatic cells.
Dominant
In genetics, a trait or characteristic
that is manifested when it is carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Hypotrichosis
The presence of less than the normal amount of hair
Hypoplastic
Underdeveloped
Karyotype
A photo micro graphic representation of a persons chromosomal constiutition arranged according to the chromosome number
Locus
The position occupied by a gene on a chromosome
Mature germ cell
The haploid gamete
Haploid
Having a single set of chromosomes; a gamete is a haploid
Meiosis
Two-step cellular division of the original
germ cells, which reduces the chromosomes from 4n DNA to 1n DNA.
Metastasis
Spread of a tumor to a new, distant,
previously unaffected site. Often seen in later stages and may be associated with a poor prognosis.
Mitochondria
Cytoplasmic organelles that
have their own DNA in a circular chromosome.
Mitochondrial
Unique DNA that is maternally inherited.
Mitosis
Way in which somatic cells divide so that
the two daughter cells receive the same number of identical chromosomes.
Multifactorial Inheritance
The type of hereditary pattern seen when there is more than one
genetic factor involved and, sometimes, when there are also environmental factors participating in the causation of a
condition.
Mutation
A permanent change in the arrangement of genetic material.
Nondisjunction
In genetics, when chromosomes that are crossing over do not separate; therefore both migrate to the same cell.
Oogensis
The process of formation of female germ cells (ova).
Ovum
The haploid female gamete cell. The
product of meiosis in female germ cells.
