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Biology D2L > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Microscopy?

A

It makes small objects/items bigger

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2
Q

What are the different types of Microscopy?

A

Light Microscopy: visible light is passed through the specimen and then through the glass Ex: Most plant and animal cells, nucleus, bacteria, and Mitochondria

Electron Microscopy: Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface Ex: Smallest bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids, small molecules, and atoms

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3
Q

What is Resolution?

A

The measure of the clarity of the image

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4
Q

What is Contrast?

A

The difference between light and dark areas of an image

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5
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope and a Transmission Electron Microscope?

A

Scanning: Focuses a beam of electrons that scans the surface of a specimen, used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen

Transmission: Aims an electron beam through very thin sections of a specimen, used for studying the internal structure of cells

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6
Q

What is Cell Fractionation?

A

A useful technique for studying cell structure and function

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7
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell, what are its Domains?

A

It has a cell membrane and membrane-bound organelles, its domains are protists, fungi, animals, and plants

DNA is in the nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane

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8
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell, what are its Domains?

A

It has free-floating organelles that float in the cytoplasm and doesn’t have a cell membrane, its domains are archaea and bacteria

DNA is in a nucleoid that is concentrated in a region that is not membrane closed but instead have proteins cutting off areas

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9
Q

What are cells? What do different types of cells have in common?

A

They are all bounded by the plasma membrane/cell membrane

Cytosol: Semifluid, jelly-like substance that suspends subcellular components,

All cells contain chromosomes and ribosomes and have cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are the functions of the Plasma Membrane?

A

It functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the cell also participates directly in a cell’s metabolism

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11
Q

What is the Surface area to Volume for Cells?

A

As a cell increases in size, its surface area increases less than the volume

A smaller cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume

Microvilli: Increase surface area without a huge increase of volume

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12
Q

What are the Nucleus and Envelope? What are their functions?

A

Nucleus: Contain most of the genes of the cell

Envelope: Encloses the Nucleus and separates it from the Cytoplasm is also a double membrane

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13
Q

What is a Pore Complex?

A

Pore Complex: lines each pore on the envelope and regulates the entry and exit of proteins, RNA´s and large complexes of macromolecules

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14
Q

What is the Nuclear Lamina? What is its function?

A

It lines the Nuclear side of the envelope, it is a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope

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15
Q

What are Chromosomes? Where are they in a cell?

A

They are units of organized DNA in the nucleus, contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins, including small basic proteins called histones

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16
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

17
Q

What is Nucleoli? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

It is a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining a part of the chromatin

It may play a role in controlling cell division and the life span of a cell

It is found in the nucleus and is made out of a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA, they play a role in ribosome assembly

18
Q

What is a Ribosome? What are its functions?

A

Ribosomes are complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins, they are not membrane-bound

They carry out protein synthesis and build proteins

19
Q

What are the different types of Ribosomes?

A

Free Ribosomes: suspended in the cytosol

Bound Ribosomes: attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope,

20
Q

What is the function of Bound Ribosomes?

A

They make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes and for packaging with certain organelles like lysosomes or exporting things from the cell

21
Q

What organelles are a part of the Endomembrane System for a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

22
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? What are its functions?

A

It is an extensive network of membranes, consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

It separates the internal compartment of the ER (Lumen) from the cytosol

23
Q

What is the difference between the smooth and rough ER?

A

Smooth: Its outer surface lacks ribosomes, involved in the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

Rough: Is studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane

24
Q

What are Glycoproteins?

A

They are proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

25
Q

What are transport Vesicles?

A

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

26
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

It receives, sorts, ships, and even manufactures vesicles

It consists of a group associated with flattened membranous sacs

27
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that euk. cells use to digest macromolecules, also made by rough ER

28
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

29
Q

What are Vacuoles? What are the different types?

A

Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus

There are food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles and central vacuoles

30
Q

What are Food Vacuoles?

A

They are formed by phagocytosis

31
Q

What is a Contractile Vaculoe?

A

They are found in unicellular protists living in freshwater, it pumps out excess water out of the cell.

32
Q

What is a Central Vacuole?

A

Mature plant cells have these and they are large, there’s a solution contained inside of the vacuole called cell sap, it is the plant’s main repository of inorganic ions including potassium and chloride, helps with the growth of plant cells

33
Q

Where is the mitochondria found? What does it do?

A

The mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, it uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting the energy from sugar, fats and other fuels

34
Q

What do the Chloroplasts do? Where is it found?

A

The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis found in plants and algae, it converts solar energy into chemical energy

35
Q

What is the Endosymbiont theory?

A

Theory states that an early ancestor of euk. cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prok. cell, eventually the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell becoming an endosymbiont, then they combined into one forming a euk. cell

Biology D2L (4 decks)

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