Chapter 6

Question 1

• Thermodynamics

Answer 1

o Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes

Question 2

• Energy

Answer 2

o Capacity to do work

Question 3

• Kinetic energy

Answer 3

o Energy of motion

Question 4

• Potential energy

Answer 4

o Stored energy

Question 5

• Energy flow

Answer 5

o Energy comes from the sun

Question 6

• Spontaneous processes

Answer 6

o Occur without energy input

Question 7

• Free energy

Answer 7

o Is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

Question 8

• H

Answer 8

o Enthalpy

Question 9

• T

Answer 9

o Absolute temperature

Question 10

• S

Answer 10

o Entropy

o There but unavailable

Question 11

• positive (delat)G

Answer 11

o Products have more free energy than reactants
o H is higher than S
o Not spontaneous
o Endergonic

Question 12

• Negative (delta)G

Answer 12

o Products have less free energy than reactants
o H is lower than S
o Spontaneous
o Exergonic

Question 13

• Activation energy

Answer 13

o Extra energy is required

o Destabilize existing bonds and initate a chemical reaction

Question 14

Exergonic reaction’s rate depend on

Answer 14

activation energy required

Question 15

• Larger activation energy proceeds

Answer 15

more slowly

Question 16

• Rate can be increased in 2 ways

Answer 16

o Heating

o Lowering activation energy

Question 17

• Catalysts

Answer 17

o Substance that infuelnce chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy
o Do not alter the proportion of reactant turned into product

Question 18

• ATP

Answer 18

o Energy “currency” of all cells

Question 19

• ATP composed of

Answer 19

o	Ribose
o	Adenine
o	Chain of 3 phospates 
	Key to energy storge
	Bonds are unstable

Question 20

• Hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 20

o Perform work

Question 21

• 3 types of cellular work

Answer 21

o Mechanical
o Transport
o Chemical

Question 22

• ATP Cycle

Answer 22

o ATP hydrolysis drives endergonic reactions
 Coupled reactions results in exergonic and spontaneous
o ATP not suitable for long-term energy storage

Question 23

• Metabolism

Answer 23

o Total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

Question 24

• Anabolic reactions

Answer 24

o Expend energy to build up molecules

Question 25

• Catabolic reactions

Answer 25

o Harvest energy by breaking down molecules

Question 26

• Metabolic pathways

Answer 26

o Series of linked reactions
o Begin with specific reactant and produce an end product
o Metabolic energy is captured and utilized more easily because it is released in increments

Question 27

• Catabolic pathways

Answer 27

o Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Question 28

• Anabolic pathways

Answer 28

o Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 29

• Enzymes

Answer 29

o Protein
o Shape of enzyme stabilzes a temporary association between substrates
o Enzyme not changed or consumed in reation

Question 30

• Holoenzyme

Answer 30

o Protein and other nonpretein molecule

Question 31

• Apoenzyme

Answer 31

o Protein portion of the enzyme

Question 32

• Cofactor

Answer 32

o Nonprotein portion

Question 33

• Coenzyme

Answer 33

o Organic cofactors

 Often vitamins

Question 34

• Active site

Answer 34

o Pocket for substrate binding
o Forms enzyme-substrate complex
o Precise fit of substrate into active site

Question 35

• Induced fit

Answer 35

o Applies stress to distort particular bond to lower activation energy

Question 36

• Inhibitor

Answer 36

o Substance that binds to enzyme and decreases in it’s activity

Question 37

• Competitive inhibitor

Answer 37

o Competes with substrate for active site

Question 38

• Noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 38

o Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site

o Changes shape and makes enzyme unable to bind substrate

Question 39

• Allostreic enzymes

Answer 39

o Either active and inactive forms
o Most noncompetitive inhitiors bind to allosteric site
o Chemical on/off switch

Question 40

• Feedback inhibition

Answer 40

o End-product of pathway
 Binds to an allosteric site on enzyme that catalyzes first reaction in path
o Shuts down pathway