Chapter 6-10 and 12 Flashcards
Labeling Theory
-Deviants (person)
-Deviance (Action (Lable))
-Frank Tannenbaum
~Organizer for labor unions
*He got put in jails
~Wall shadows (Book)
~Grandfather of labeling theory
*When he was incarcerated, the criminal label did not go away
*Labels can be highly harmful or helpful
~Hughes
Talks about master status (you claim or forced upon you)
**First one out of your mouth
**Tends to overwhelm all your other status
-The theory is scientifically sound, but it doesn’t help with control
-Lemert (1st labeling theorist)
~UC Davis (sociologists)
~Primary Deviation
*Deviance without a label
**
~Secondary Deviation
Respons to or rules of deviation label
**Lable causes people to be deviant
**Falsely Accused (they commit to the label even if their actions were never done)
**Even if they never committed deviant action (primary), they tend to find other delinquencies and then commit delinquent actions (Secondary)
-H. Becker
~ Two-by-two grid
Act +/-
Lable +/-
**Act + label + = Has the label and does the deviant act
**True Deviant
**Act - label - = Hasn’t done the act and does not have a label
**True conformist
** Act + label - = They have done the act but do not have a label
**Secret Deviant
**Act - label + = They have not done the act, but they have the label
**Falsely Accused
-John Kitsuse (connected to Lemert)
~Tertiary deviance
*When a person has internalized the label
**Comes to terms with the label
-Ascribed
~When the group gives it to you
*Externally
-Achieved
~When an activity is achieved
*Internally driven
-Fast/ Slow
~Fast
Roommate is passed out on the couch with another roommate naked
** I didn’t know you were gay
**Assumption
~Slow
Roommate is passed out on the couch with empty cans
**Drinking problem
**Observation
~Sticky
*Some labels stick with you forever
**Reforming alcoholic
-The juvenile delinquencies
~Souly based on labeling theory
One expects them to grow out of the label due to their age
Dentention/ Detained (not an arrest)
*Hearing for a crime (not a trial)
**Juvinials don’t get a speedy trial or Miranda rights
**Changes in the labels change the constitutional rights of juveniles
-Constitution
~Speedy trial
Conflict Theory
-Marx
~”Homo faber”
*Humanity is unfinished
**Not done learning, evolving, extra circulars, etc.
Not completely socialized
**We have built the culture we have occupied
**Contributors to the world around us
~Realist belief
*Coventry (London)
**He didn’t do armchair studies; he watched the people instead
~He critiques and loves to argue
*It helps make the theory evolve and try to make it better
~REVOLUTIONARY AND UTOPIAN
Utopian
**Perfect like society
**Gives everyone what they need (not too much, not too little)
*Revolutionary
**The current society could not be fixed due to being money-orientated (needs to be worn down and rebuilt)
~Power of the Economy
*Economic powerless
**Turns into political powerless (unimportant)
~Revolution
Criminals will become revolutionaries
**Fight to revolt against the system
**They are not criminals due to their actions but due to the system
**Inequality and inconsistency are fixed due to the injustice of the criminal justice system
-Neo Marxis
~Bonger
One sentence summary
Capitalism breeds to social irresponsibility
*Traditional Marxis
Added Social Irresponsibility (1916)
***Capitalists will do things to make money but negligent of social responsibility
** If there hadn’t been a law, then things would not change
**Bell curve turns into a multi-tier plateau
~Georg Rusche and Auto Kirchheimer (1938)
*One sentence summary
**When labor supplies are low we value them and then labor is low we punish them
Punishment and Labor (Surplus Labor)
**How much punishment they receive and over the amount of time
**When labor supplies are low, the labor has value; if they have value, they don’t get as much punishment compared to low-value labor, which could get punished all they want
**Based on the “bloody codes” from the surplus of people from the clans, 25-> 15 people
~Gordon (1971)
One sentence summary
Criminal Jusitce focus on lower world crimes, not upper world crime
*Looks at the criminal (upper-world crime)
Notices a distinct difference between lower-world crime (street) and upper-world crime (white-collar crimes)
***We don’t spend time on upper-world crimes, only lower-world crimes
**It reinforces the idea that we are endangered daily
**We don’t notice when corporations are ripping us off
~Bill Chambliss (1975)
8
Law making, law-breaking, law enforcement
*Three Types of Law
**Making
**Creation
**Breaking
**Perception of the person breaking the law
Enforcement
**
As the gap between the rich and poor widens, we have to fill the gap with laws to control the poor
**Thefts in stores make businesses leaving
**Lawmakers create new laws to fill in the gap
**No one ever asks people, “Why are they doing the crimes?”
**New version of the “bloody codes”
~Spitzer (1975)
*
**Social junk is the people we can get rid of, and becomes social dynamite is when they group together
*Surplus population (Related to Rusche and Kirchheimer)
*Unneccary people in an area that we don’t need (Of society)
**People with no roles, tasks, etc.
Social Junk
**People who are the refuse of society (left-overs)
**What happens to social junk when it gets packed tightly together?
**It becomes Social Dynamite to the anger, feeds revolutionary ideas
~Richard Quinney (1975)
*
**Keep classes fighting
Class fragmentation
**The goal is to keep the underclass fighting together
**The upper class will never have to fight
**Fabricated lies
**Government agencies created the crack issue by blowing it out of proportion
*Different Roles of Social Types
**Villian
**Hero
**Anti-hero
~Austin Turk (1960s-70s)
*
**Pathways open and close if you go or against the criminal justice system.
Success as a series of pathways
**Close off some of the pathways due to criminal conflict
**People might have potential, but the pathway gets closed off by what they did
~John Hagan (1980s)
*
**The powerful have the control over the criminal justice systems rules and laws
Power Control theory
The powerful have a great deal of control
*Someone had to create a law that could not achieve the same as someone who had not committed a crime
**People are risk-takers; some risks are too risky, but most never get caught
**People’s paths get opened and closed by people in control
-Weber
~PLURALISTIC AND PESSIMISTIC
Conflict will be a natural part of society it becomes a routine
~Homo Sociocogus
Humans are benevolent and selfless things when asked (brotherly creatures)
~People’s roles in society change
*We are actors and agents of change
**Change -> us = actor
**Us-> change = agents
*Humans are irrational creatures and act in irrational manners
*We can change the opinions of people with power
*Powerful people are given legitimacy
**We allow powerful people to earn their place through legitimacy
**People of power have “Charisma”
**** It is hard to define the word “charisma”
****Personal charisma
**“Tradition”
***“Rational Legal Authority”
**Elect someone or appoint them
**Social Construct
~Value-free science
*Where the data takes you, not where ideology takes you
~Holistic data
~He studied anomalies
-Neo-Weber
~Gerth and Mills (1953)
Symbol manipulation
**The powerful can change the opinions of people by the symbols of manipulation from what we see
**A picture is the symbol
~Dahrendorf (1959)
Interest group formation
**The powerful support groups that can push their agenda
**By incorrect and fabricated lies
*Norms are a use of power struggles
~Collins (1975)
*We want to give the orders, not receive the orders
*Power is “PRESTIGE”
*“Credential Inflation”
**We give titles inflated names to make the job sound better
~Black (1974)
Law application
**To whom is the law applied to
**Not all laws are applied equally
~McGarrell and Castellano (1991)
*Differeration
**When it gets broader, we will see an increase in conflict
-Simmel (1908)
~Simbolic and interactions (labeling theory)
~Money as power
Money is not just something; it is the label that people carry around
**Form over content
**How you look vs. how you are
~View of humanity is Homo Hominin Lupus
Humans are like wolves
**We never show our true selves except for a few amount of people (image we project)
~Self Interest
People focus on self-interest, not focusing on others
**True self is not shown unless they have to
~Group Conflict
*Groups will group together who have similar interests, and that will create issues with groups of different interests
**Renters vs. owners
~Identities
*Society decides to divide others into group
**Stranger (watched)
**You don’t know if they are good or bad
**Immigrants, scapegoats
Enemy (fought)
**The person who is opposed to your ideas
**First to fight with when
Criminal (what society defines)
**Person we fight when we feel unsafe
**Pauper (poor person)
**Person we watch when the economy shifts
-Neo Simmels
~Thorsten Sellin (1938)
Cultural conflict theorist
**Conflict between cultures that interact tends to increase conflict
**Border conflict
**When two cultures touch borders
~Rose Coser (1956)
*What happens when you suppress the conflict
**If you let it build, it will find its relief
*Conflict suppression
**Only delays the blowup
~George Vold (1958)
Competing interest groups
**Minority group behaviors are being consistently pushed down by other groups, mainly Majority groups
**When you have money and are of non-caucasian descent, you have different labels, and as you move up the money ladder, your labels
**Mexican -> Spanish decent
Learning Theory
-Crime is viewed as learned behavior
~What we learn, least to what we know, leads to how we act
-Powerful people are in charge of what we learn in the schools
-Sutherland
~ White-collar crime (Claimed the term)
*Is learned from other white-collar criminals who learned from other white-collar criminals
** Is a learned behavior by frequently being exposed to it
~Learning Theory (Sports, instruments)
*Not just about learning skills, it also included the attitude
*The attitude of the criminal
~Born in Nebraska
*He learned how to be a teacher with a bachelor’s degree
**He later got his masters
~Ideas
Differential association
**The people you associate with are how you become
**He explains the delinquent acts of Chicago School Theory from the ZOT and slum with his theory of differential association
**Law = bad, delinquency = good (thoughts of differential association from the SLUM)
~Nine points of learning and crime
Criminal behavior is learned
**IT is not inherited but learned
Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others through communication
*The principal part of learning is through the process you are intimate with (close to not sexual)
*When criminal behavior is learned, the techniques of learning the criminal and the mindset of the criminal
*The direction of your motives (law abiding/law-breaking) depends on who you are associated with
*A person becomes delinquent when a person has an excess definition from lawbreaking people
*Association varies in a number of ways
**Frequency (how often do you see that person)
**Duration (how long is the interaction)
**Power (the power of the interaction
**Priority (psychological factor)
**Intensity (makes it memorable (adrenalin makes you remember things))
**Lack of power has no effect on priority and intensity
**Frequency, Duration, Power (Priority/Intensity) makes learning happen
*You have to practice criminal behaviors consecutively and regularly
*Learning criminal behaviors is different from other behaviors since they are not always logical
**Own set of rules
**Learning theory does not cover
Feminist Criminological Theory
-Female-based theories created by males
-Types of Feminism (several types of mindsets, and they do not always agree with others)
~Liberal Feminism
Argues that feminists have to function in the existing societal structure
**Women’s rights
**Women’s opportunities
**Women’s roles beyond mother and childhood
~Radical Feminist
Tend to be more historically looking
**How
**Why
**Understand the male power
~Marxist Feminist
Their goal is to study the linkage of economic structure, why female offenders more harshly sentences that threatened male power structure
*They tend to have an angry outlook on how males try to control females
**Takes everything the right way or the wrong way; they take it the wrong way
**Why is it that people with power get to tell us what to do when they have no perspective on the topics
~Socialist Feminist
*They want to see a change in female roles
**Move beyond the roles of childcare provider
**They want gender equality
~Postmodern Feminists
*Interested in how language changes things
**Subtle way on how language changes the female mindset
**The visual and language outlooks on society make the female look weak or frail
**Discourse the perspectives of the “normal” society into a new sociological perspective
-1848 Starting point of Feminism
~Senica Falls, New York
*They were pissed off that defined them in society
**Create a document called Declaration of Sentinenct and Declaration of Resolutions
-First wave
~Anti-slavery (voting)
*A way to get the door to open so that African Americans could get equality, then they could get equality
Women suffrage
**The first wave ended in 1920
**Giving the women the right to Vote 19th amendment
-Second wave 1960
~Women’s Liberation
*Working beyond the house roles
**It didn’t have a clear goal
-Third Wave Late 1980s
~Study of the patriarchy
How male dominance controls all levels of the female
**Reproductive rights
**Bring up the flaws in society, showing there is no true equality
***It did not have a clear goal
-Different ways of thinking and approaching tasks between males and females
~Confusing gender roles and linear and circular thinking patterns
~The theories from the male’s perspective is not how females commit crimes
~How males create crimes in a general sense
*Linear
*Emotions
*Profitable gains
~How females create crime in a general sense
*Circular
*Sturcuturally
-Men will not walk to buy jewelry or perfume
-Women will walk to get what they need, such as clothing
-Females as a distinct group
~Lumbroso 1903
*Study female criminals and incarcerated
“The Female Offender”
Female offenders are less evolved than those who did not commit the crime
*Identify female offenders the same as male offenders
**Shorter, stocking, more body hair, muscular, and moles
***Harder to control due to the higher pain tolerance compared to men and offenders compared to non-offenders
**Higher pain tolerance: dealing with men, childbirth, and menstruation
**REJECTED THIS THEORY BECAUSE WOMEN DO NOT LOOK LIKE THAT
~W. I. Thomas (Chicago School Therist) 1923
*“The Unadjusted Girl”
The four Wishes + one (society)
**New Experiences
****Life gets boring, so they are looking for new experiences
**Security
**They want someone to have their back
**Response
****Is a sign of respect and value; if there is no response, they tend to feel it is unfair
**Recognition
**Gangs do this by giving them their own identity through a nickname
**One wish
***Control
**Do what you are told to do
He also wrote about how crimes from females are due to sex and monogamy
The idea of force of monogamy leads to pent-up frustration that leads to criminal conduct
**Better than Lombroso, but still not what the feminists were looking for
~Otto Pollak 1950
“The Criminality of Women”
**Female offenders and all women, in general, tend to be sneaky and deceitful in nature, turn them into certain offenders, tend to be unemotional towards crimes, and prefer certain types of jobs to make criminality possible.
**Prone to certain mental illnesses:
**kleptomania
**nymphomania
-Social Disorganization Theory (rejecting theories)
~Parnethretical
*Focueds on male activities with male philosophy
-Strain Theory
~They did not take into account how women react and respond to stress-causing strain
*Partly rejected because females were not included in the study
~
-Learning theory
*It relied entirely on male examples
**Partly rejected because females were not included in the study as their own group
~Control Theory
*Social Bond/Control
**Looked at bonding from the male perspective, ignoring the entire female perspective
-1975 A Major Year for the Feminist Movement
~Adler
*“Sisters in Crime
~Simon
“Women in Crime”
*Both viewed disorganization as a result of crime
*Opportunity to commit crimes through their jobs
**Seeing an increase in criminality due to disorganization and opportunity
**Treating crime by men and women as the same (not true even in modern days)
-Chivalry Hypothesis
~Men respond in an overly respectful manner
*Males in the criminal justice system will act to protect the females that go into jails
**Male cops will protect female offenders
-Status Liability (Rosoff)
~Chivarly Hypothesis is turn unless it passes a threshold
“Shield to a target” (status)
**When women commit certain crimes, they get harsher punishments
**Killing of children by parents is common in the country
**If a woman does this, then she gets a harsher punishment
*High level offenses = greater punishment
**The violation of the social norm and the law = makes punishment harsher
*Low-level offenses = normal punishment
-Hickey
~Female multiple murders (NOT serial killers)
Why they did it and how they did it
**62/399 participants
*How did they do it? (going to equal more than 100%)
**80% Poison
**20% Shooting (males more likely to use)
**16% Blunt force (heavy object)
**16% Suffocation (males more likely to use)
**11% Stabbing (males more likely to use)
**5% Drowning
**Multiple of these can imply that one person
Why do they kill?
****74% Money
****13% Control
****11% Enjoyment
****10% Sex
****24% Drugs
**Multiple of these can imply that one person
-Recent years in inmate populations
~Minority is over-represented in jails and prisons
~Slighyly older than males entering the jails/prison system (females ~30 yrs, males ~25 yrs)
~28% of females are juveniles
~60% report abuse and trauma (sexual,
~Commit crimes alone
*Home
*Bars
*Work
~Females tend to fight using fists, and men tend to use weapons
*Once females cross their threshold, they will be lethal; men will be violent
Low Self-Control Theory
-Gottfredson and Hirschi
~Believers of classical theory
*Logic of punishment
**Was sound that if you get punished, you won’t do it again
~What did not make sense is people were still committing crimes
*Internal control, not external control, to commit crimes
~ Individuals possess three traits
Traits that result from socialization
**Insensitivity/ Sensitivity
**Through younger siblings or pets (sensitivity)
**Lack of guilt, a pleasurable emotion, due to guilt being a painful emotion (insensitivity)
**Immediate gratification
**Marshmello test for kids
Traits that propensity toward crime (personality)
**Being adventurous
**High sensation-seeking
**People in prison have low stress
Low IQ
**When mixed with being adventurous, it increases the chance of being a criminal
**Physical strength
Things that you have propensity (predictors of criminality)
**Short sidedness
**Focusing on the next 5 minutes, not long-term focus
**Inability to profit from experience
**Making the same mistake over and over again
Poor judgment
**When you see a sign that says “do not touch” and you touch it
****Think mom with the “do not touch” signs
**Miscalculation of pain
**Have issues estimating pain and pleasure
**Overestimated the benefits and underestimated the profits
~How does low self-control continue
*Parents pass the criminal perspective onto their kids
~People who have low self-control
*They don’t take their car in
**The car fails more than what it could have been
*Don’t do well in school
*Don’t do well in relationships
*They don’t make a lot of money
~Premise of low self-control
Criminals have low self-control
**Immediate gratification
**Instead of deferring gratification
*They have a lack of diligent
**Not diligent about careful work
*Lack of tenacity
*Unwilling to persist in a goal
*Lack of dedication
**Usually have weak friendships
*Desire to participate in adventurous activities
*Lack of possessions
**Quality possessions
*They tend to devalue the control that they know
Preuse self-center behaviors
**Drinking and drug
**Unprotected sex
**Children from multiple partners
*Inability to deal with frustrations
**They have a lot of aggression and anger
*They are crappy criminals
**Tries multiple types of crime
*Inconsistent supervision and discipline
*Children will be exposed to weak social bonds
~What does it explain
*Criminal history
*Geographic
*Generational
*Poor bonding
*Violence from frustration
Neo-Classical Movement
~Choice Theory (rational)
-Major Ideas
~People freely choose their ideas (behavior is chosen)
*DO them for different reasons
**Greed
**Reving
**Vanity
**Economic lust
~Choices can be controlled (We control our behaviors)
~Punishement needs to be enough to control people
*Certain
*Swift
*Severe
-James. Q. Wilson 1975
~”Thinking About Crime”
*Poly-sci
~Deteriance affects behavior
*Has driver’s license revoked in 5 different states at the same time on the East Coast
~Detteriance did not work for him
*Advisor for Presitant. Regan
-Roshier 1989
~”Controlling crime”
-Aligned with the “get tough” movement
~It has not always been a good idea
*More severe
*More known
-Lifestyle
-Proximity
-Opportunity
-Selective incapatation
~One is a danger to society, and one is not a danger to society
-Intelligent actors
~Potental offender
*Rational state of mind
-All Potential criminals
~Suply of criminal conduct is non-limited
- Number of crimes reflects the opportunity to commit crimes
~ VCRs no longer get stolen
-Number of crimes are going to be related to cost and risk
~Determines how many crimes that exist
-General and specific deterrence
~If you commit one thing but do it again, then you are less deterred from committing it again
-Residiual deterrance
~Hangs on for a while but diminishes over time
*Over time, the deterrence will fade
-Amplification of deterrence
~We see someone we can identify with
- Backfire
~Lose respect for the system
*Alaska made the decision that if the DD gets caught in the car driving drunk minors, you lose the license
**Increase the accidents of drunk minors
-Rational choice theory
~Cowin and felson
Crime Triangle
Target
Offender
**Guardian
***Lack of
**All three happen crimes will occur
**Control one of the three to help prevent crimes from occurring
-Routine Activities (merged with rational choice)
~Offenders did not go out looking for crimes
*Found the crime on their routine
-Build a second triangle around the crime triangle
~”Revised”
*Offender
**Handlers (make sure the offender is not offending)
*Target
**Guardians (protect)
*Place
**Manager (place is safe)
~Tools
*Manages
**Lights
**Video
*Handlers
**Electronic confinement
*Guardians
**Locks
~Tools can go against the system to help commit the crimes
-Problems we have
~VIVA
*Value of the target
**Person places on the item, not retail
*Inertia
**How hard it is to move product
*Visibility
**Does the offender know the product exists
*Accessibility
**Can they get the item easily
-Motivation of the offender
~Lower income = more crime
Living in lower income
~Work in lower income = more risk
~Security in the area will help prevent victimization
~More time = higher victimization
~Women and elderly
~Easier to escape
~More often, you associate with criminals
**Place too much responsibility on the victim
