Chapter 1-5

Question 1

Three Steps of Theory
-UPC

Answer 1

-Understand
~Watch over and over
-Predict
~See when they move backwards
-Control

-UPC is based on Data

Question 2

Lex (Jus) Talionis

Answer 2

-Rule of Law
-Vingence
~An eye for an eye
~Tooth for a tooth
~Blood for blood

Question 3

The World become COMPLEX with people of different cultures

Answer 3

-People can’t agree on the spiritualism or other concepts

Question 4

Three levels of rules

Answer 4

-Folkways
-More’s
-Law
~Is smaller in terms of limitations

Question 5

Folkways

Answer 5

-Family rules, small segments of culture

Question 6

More’s

Answer 6

-Rules for your community

Question 7

Laws

Answer 7

-Rules in terms for everyone

Question 8

Lex Talionis Worked

Answer 8

-Because our world was small and as long as no one new came in then it worked
~But new people coming in would break these laws
*Sometimes without meaning to
**Social complexity Increased

Question 9

Galielo

Answer 9

-Sun is the center of the universe
~We don’t need these elaborate gear ideas

Question 10

Attributed Error

Answer 10

-You attribute something to something else and your wrong
~Planetary motion
*Wrong

Question 11

Theories Graphic Kuhn

Answer 11

-Theory one takes off, and plateau then drops off
-Theory two takes over and plateau, then drops off
-Then theory three takes over, and the plateau drops off
-Finally, theory one takes off again after new data modifications
~None of the theories fully die out

Question 12

Kuhn

Answer 12

-Pre-paradigm
~No framework
~No Why
~No How
~We observe and observe
*We understand
**We try to predict
~Tons of Pre-Theories
*One wins

-Normal science
~We all agree to use this one theory
~Standardized
*We agree on what to call things, name things, measure things
~Crime Pie
*Theory one only explains this much crime

-Crisis
~Challenging the theory
~Finding exceptions to the theory
~Find other possible theories that are around

-Revolution
~Throw old theory out
~Pick a new theory
~The cycles beck the NORMAL SCIENCE, and the cycle continues
*Theory two explains more, so it is better

Question 13

Hegel

Answer 13

-Before Kuhn
-Hegel’s Dialectic
~Start with a Thesis
*Opening idea
~Anti-Thesis
*Rejection of an idea
~Synthesis
*Merge all ideas together

Question 14

Society Changes

Answer 14

-Nothing works for everyone all the time

Question 15

Why do We have Theories?

Answer 15

-To test out ideas

Question 16

What makes a theory good?
-Dominant Theory

Answer 16

-Logical Consistency
~Has to make sense

-Scope (Broad)
~Explain things in a lot of different situations
~Broader the Scope, the better the theory
*Generalizability

-Parsimony
~Cheap
*Efficient
~Explains the phenomenon, using the fewest parts

-Test Ability
~Can you test it?

-Empirically Valid
~It has to report what it claims
~It has to measure what is claims

-Utility and Policy
~It has to be useful and guide us toward a solution

-Ideology
~Has to make a statement about the people or society or area it is working for?
~What is the theory saying?

Question 17

Spiritualism Theory (Pre Science)

Answer 17

-Believes things that are difficult, if not impossible, that people can now see
~The theory might be successful but might not correct
*Hysteria
Demonic Possion
**Spirits float around when there are bodies; spirits enter the body through the mouth (which is why you cover your mouth)
**Causing people great pain to get out of the body to get the demon out
**Knocking people in the head to get the demon out or drilling into the head
**In Europe, there are a lot of holes in the head to release the demons out
**Drills ended up localizing the holes in the temporal lobe to let the demon out
**Removing the fisher in the brain, called the trephine, helps limit the amount of seizures
Phrenology
**Shows the different parts of the brain where certain areas could be mappable
**Musical

Question 18

Positivism Theory (Glueck)

Answer 18

-If we can know everything, then we can predict everything accurately
~Knowledge is power
-Agrarian background
~Form and Function
-When Phrenology and Form/Function start to meet for positivism
~When a person starts to perform something that they are good and the assumption is that part of the brain would be larger and create more brain tissue
*People would feel the cranium to determine where the bump is and try to figure out what parts of the brain are stronger than other areas
-Lombroso (Cesare) MD and worked in prisons
~Could tell if they are natural criminals or people who chose to be a criminal
~We didn’t all form from the same starting point, and due to this, some people are less evolved
Are the less evolved people more likely to be criminals?
**Yes, they are less evolved
**They don’t have the same social standards as the “evolved” people (Atavis)
~Ataivism (are more likely to be criminals) 1/3 of the population
*They have heavier bones, are shorter, and have broader shoulders, muscles, etc.
**They are typically Sicelians
~Criminaloids
*Don’t appear to be criminals, but their environments drove them to become criminals

Question 19

Two different types of positivism

Answer 19

-Idiviual poss.
~Crime is caused by something unique in an individual abnormality and pathology (environment)
~Something deficient in a biological form, but we can see it physically
~Behavior is caused by genetic factor
*(Biology is destiny)
~Crime is a concept of a moral consensus
*Dissagress with the moral consensus
~Variable that can change with socialization
~Criminals can be treated
*Meds, therapy, socialization
~Deal with an individual-level condition

-Sociological poss.
~Crime caused by social pathology (Deviant)
~Crime is a product of dysfunction in the society
*Social, economical, and political
~Behavior is conducted in social environments
~Crime is a violation of shared views of the group
*(Deviant and criminal)
~Crime varies from region to region
*Economics, political conditions, history, etc.
~Crime is part of a “healthy” society
~Crime is normal, but it is too high or too low indicates social dysfunction

Question 20

ZEIT GEIST (Spirit of the times)

Answer 20

-ZEIT (Time)
-GEIST (Spirit)
-Change in thinking from the “normal” to change the society

Question 21

Classical Theory

Answer 21

-One-word summary: Deterrence
-Something weakened Theory One and changed the Zeit Geist, so Theory Two took off
-One Goal
~To DETER people from committing criminal actions
-Social and environmental change
-Renaissance
~Enlightnement
Climate increased
**More food
**Less work
**Extra time
**Surplus food
**Reading
**Writing
~Changement for the common folks, not for the nobleman; instead, it was a threat to them

-Just oriented to crime control
-Cesare Beccaria

Question 22

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 22

-Noble
~Essay on a crime and punishment (book)
*Written by the Verri brothers
*Common folks were trading books, which was a sign of wealth in the Renaissance
-He hung out with “Thinkers”
~The commoners were coming up with ideas, which were also a challenge to the noble thinkers
*Verri brothers
**If their names were on the book, they would have been in prison or executed
-The nobles would make money off the common folks because they did not know the laws

-In the book (deterrence)
~Judges cannot interpret the laws or set punishments for breaking laws
*Only can do what the law can do and
*Only the king can change the law for what the punishment is
~The law has to be written in a way that everyone can understand the laws
~The laws must be available to the public so they don’t violate the laws by accident
~Punishement must be proportionate to the crimes that were committed
*Commoners lose respect for the government, give punishments
~For the punishment to be successful, it needs to be certain, swift, and severe
*But not excessively severe
*Correct them, but not to the point of being hand-shocked
~The goal of punishment is only to control the individual, but not to over-punish the person who commits the crime

-Failed because each person has different motivations

Question 23

J. Bentham

Answer 23

-He was a writer
-We are hedonistic people
~ Hedonistic Calculus
*We create a calculation of the consequences and the pleasures (benefits)

-The five beliefs
~Humans are pleasure-seeking and pain-avoiding creatures
~The calculations of the potential of pleasure and pain
~If you want to control crime, make the pain outweigh the pleasures
~To control the crime, one has to determine the probability of getting caught
~Deterrence of getting caught it had to exceed the original crime
*20% of getting caught of stealing $20
*Seal $100 = 100% of getting caught
**Punishment $101 paid back

-Failed because each person has different motivations

Question 24

Clans

Answer 24

-Society has roughly 20 people to create different healthy eating
~The space where they are set up could not always handle each of the food groups
*Protein
*Veg.
*Fruit
*Grains
*Dairy

~Beach has
*Protein (fish)
**Needs 3
*Grains
**Needs 5
**Dairy
**Needs 3
*Fruits and Vegs.
**Needs 9

~Mountain
*Protein
**Needs 5
*Fruits and Vegs.
**Needs 5
*Grains
**Needs 7
*Dairy
** Needs 3

*New Module
**Dairy -7
**Grains- 2
**Fruits and Vegs.- 4
**Protein- 5
Surplus of two people
****They bring eggs, cheese, and beef to the town square, and they bring back stuff they can’t make
**They got rid of the ones that were the least successful in the original clans
****The people who got removed from the clans now hangout at the town center because of the most amount of foot traffic

-The people in the mountains wonders to the beach
~They spot the dried-out fish, and they decide to swap the fish for dairy
*One Saturday of every month, they decide to trade dairy, fish, and fruits/Vegs.
**Between three clans, there are now ten people out of work for efficient

Question 25

Fieldstones

Answer 25

-They would stack to differentiate their field from another
~They would take clay and toss it over the fence
*Creating highways

Question 26

Rightsizing

Answer 26

-Another name for downsizing

Question 27

Highwaymen

Answer 27

-They were the ones who would rob you for the goods you were bringing into the town center or out of the town center or the cash you earned from selling the surplus of food you brought into the town center
~Idea of where Robinhood comes from
*Stealing the goods might lead to starvation or someone freezing to death
**The idea of deterrence is what people were trying to figure out, but it is hard to figure out people’s thoughts

Question 28

Bloody Codes

Answer 28

-Execution for people who commit any crime

Question 29

The layout of the clan meeting

Answer 29

-Town Center
~Outside TC is the service area
*This is the area where it was cheaper, but people would still go to those areas

Question 30

Vagrant

Answer 30

-Unemployed person who commits crimes around the town square to make their ends to meet

Question 31

Theory of Place
-Chicago School Social Ecology comes from this theory

Answer 31

-Comes out of the town center examples
-Helps with immigration

-Park and Burgess
~Geographers
*Of the city
~Why did the rings develop in Chicago
*The highest paying dollar is the center of the city and the smallest
**Central Business District (CBD)
Factories
**** Working-class homes
**Commuter (Have more money (would work in the CBD)
****THINK BULLSEYE

-Shaw and McKay
~Understand, predict, and control criminal delinquent activity in Chicago
The majority of the criminal activity was on the edge of working-class homes and factories; there was crime in the other areas, but they were more spread out than that line
**The cheapest factories are going to be towards the working-class homes, and the more expensive factories are going to be near the CBD
**The cheapest homes are going to be near the factories, and the more expensive homes move toward the commuters
The delinquency crimes are in the zone of transition (ZOT) due to the constant movement of businesses and people moving in and out of this area
**The line from factories and working-class homes can be movable depending on how well the factories are doing.
**The people in the area did not stay; they were transferable
**Known as the SLUM
~What defines the SLUM
*Poverty
**Poor people live there
*Mobility
**People moving in and out
*Heterogeneity
**Diverse cultures living in one area

-Differential association
~The idea

Question 32

Heterogeneity

Answer 32

-Industrial Revolution (late 1700s)
~Caused waved of immigration
*The first group was the English
**Making the equipment
**Using the equipment to make the product
*The Second wave of Irish, Italian, German, Scandinavian, and Polish
**They go to the SLUM and eventually move out
-Example
~English 100 -> 95 move out
~Irish 95 -> 90 move out
~Italian 90 -> 85 move out
~German 85 -> 80 move out
~ETC…

-If the slum is a place of crime
~How did they become criminals?
*Cultural Transmission
**Behaviors that seem acceptable, people adapt to those behaviors even if they are not appropriate

Question 33

Social Pathology

Answer 33

-Pathology
~Determines if something is healthy or diseased

-Wisconsin Maddison
~Study if a place is healthy or not
*Is there a communication network

-C. Wright Mills
~Where do these people come from
~When we trust people who tell us what’s right or wrong, where do they come from?
*Upper Class White Guys
~HE challenges the ideas of Social Pathology

-Alex Liazos
~Book: The poverty of sociology of deviance
Nuts, Sluts, Prevert
**Nuts = mentally ill
**Sluts = prostitution
**Preverts = sexual deviants
**These are considered deviant areas

-Gerald Suttles (Grad Student)
~Study the areas you want to know to observe the interactions
~Addams district of Chicago
*Worst of all, the Slums of Chicago
**Mother Cabrini (Saint)
He moved into the area and got robbed
**He loses another bed
**Few days later, he loses the TV
**The neighborhood decided he wasn’t to get scared off, so they stopped victimizing him and eventually accepted him as one of them to protect them
**These people had norms, codes of conduct, etc.
*The communication center was at the Barbershop
~Book: Social order of the slum

-Starts to diminish the ideas of the slum
~We have to look at the people, not just the areas of the crimes
*What are the exceptions to the rule from the people
**What was the differentiation between the two area

Question 34

Durkheim

Answer 34

-French cultural anthropologist
~We as cultures are more similar than dissimilar
*Test the rates of Suicide
**La Suicide (Book)
~The rates of suicide should be similar throughout cultures
-What are the types of suicide

-There are different types of suicide
~Some are Altruistic
*For the purpose of benefiting the group (Greater good)
**Too much control (control theory)
~Some are Egoistic
*The person’s ego is too strong
~Some are Anomic -> anomie
To be without norms
**Only exist with people who experience certain things based on mistakes from poor actions
**Think Robin Williams’s death was based on a diagnosis that he had only five years left to live

Too narrow of a view
**Strain = adapt
**Not all paths lead to suicide

Question 35

Strain Theories

Answer 35

-It requires adaptation
~ Sometimes, you give up the goal
~Sometimes you work harder for it
~Sometimes, you adapt to the goal

-Robert (Bob) Merton
~The problem is we have MEANS, and we have GOALS
*We want to have big goals
**There is a socially acceptable goal and mean
**Are you willing to go against social norms to get to your goal or means
~The problem is it does not count for purposefulness crimes

~Merton’s Typology
Plus or minus system to see if the Means and Goals were socially acceptable
**Going to college: Mean + Goal + = Conformist
**Not a state of strain
Going to College, but you don’t have the means to get there: Means - Goal + = Innovation
**Mostly criminalistic people
**State of strain
Having parents forcing you to go to college, you have the means, but you have rejected the goal: Mean + Goal - = Ritual
**State of Strain
**People who reject the goal and the means: Mean - Goal - = Retreatism
**Not a state of Strain
This is the group that has rejected society’s means and goals, but they still have goals and means that are just not socially appropriate: Mean -/+ Goal -/+ = Rebel
**Pedophiles
**Sometimes, it can be criminal

-Not all deviance is crime, and not all crime is deviant

-Cohen
~Strain is based on frustration
*Most of this comes from class-based frustration by seeing the other classes doing better, by never getting to that level
*This begins in schools
**Status
**Performance
Leads to neologistic behaviors (bitter)
**Strain is interpersonal
**Strain is not structural
~Class-based frustration
*Leads to Reaction formation
**EX: You hate the rich because you can never be rich; you never want it, and you actively reject the aspects of becoming rich (you reject what rejects you)
Can’t adapt
**They can’t go any lower (Downward asperation)
**The lower classes have different aspirations and have an expectation that is different from the reality

-Jackson and Burke
~They find high-status in the same boat
~If you are worth a billion and you have friends who are worth 2 billion, they are feeling not as good as their counterparts
*Fetish about money

-Cloward and Ohlin
~It’s not about de-frustration or means; it’s about the opportunity
Is not equal opportunity in life
~Differential opportunity
If you have opportunity blocked, then it causes strain in the life
~Hypoth
*“The disparity between what lower-class youth are led to want and what is actually available to them is the source of a major problem of adjustment is what causes them strain”
~Expetations and apparitions
*When they achieved those apparitions, they were still frustrated due to having high expectations.
** Lower-class are money ordination without the ethics
**Based on survival (fighting at bars)
**Middle-class you are more ethical with money
**Based on (getting lawyers)

-Robert (Bob) Agnew
~People keep viewing that crime as uniquely lower-class

~GENERAL STRAIN THEORY
~Working hard for a goal and not reaching a goal due to being blocked
*You believed you deserved to reach such goals
~Having something that you value and having taken it away from you
~Given something you don’t want, but it was still given to you
*Now you have to deal with it
**Individual level of strain
**Helps explain drug and alcohol abuse

~The perception of the environment
*Overestimate other people’s success but underestimate your own successes (especially if you are female)
**They leverage everything that they have until their last penny; it’s all based on perception

~Crime involvement is sporadically
*Occasional
*Random or necessary

-Messner and Rosenfeld
~The American Dream
*Built around material success

*There is not enough material success for everyone
*There are educational institutions that are supracervical
**In a few years, you are going to get replaced by someone else who will take half the pay and twice the knowledge
*The business world tends to own you
*“Goals other than material success (such as parenting teaching) become not important anymore”
**We are an economy-based society, not actual hobbies

~People want money not because they need it but because they want it

Question 36

Intrenational Postal Stamp

Answer 36

-Ponzi
~The stamps sold from different amounts around the world
He sold the stamps for a higher amount, but eventually, he decided to use the next group to pay the previous group’s investments
**Don’t be the last group from a Ponzi scheme
**A form of innovation

Question 37

Absolute and Relative Deprivation
-Strain Theory

Answer 37

-What constitutes deprivation?

• Absolute deprivation
  ~Not having something or wanting something

-Relative deprivation
~Having something nicer or better, but you already own it

Question 38

WI Thomas
-Strain Theory

Answer 38

-“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”
~If you perceive it as real, then it is real in your mind

-Concept of Anomie
~Developed with Znanicki
What was their life back in Poland?
**Due to homicide, suicide, drug overdose, murder, etc.
**“Polish Peasant in Europe and America” (Book)
**These developed into new adaptations

Question 39

Social Control Theory led up to

Answer 39

-The elements of the environment control the actions of those who are experiencing the circumstances
-Why is there no crime and deviance in this area?
~There are going to be at least two different reactions
*You are either in the state of being controlled, or you are going to have a lack of control
-Looking for broken windows, graffiti, things that bring down the area shows no one cares
-Look for surveillance cameras; police presence shows that people care

-Al Reiss
~Looks at the overlap of sociology and psychology
~Internal versus External controls
External control
**The national maximum speed limit
**Moral control
~Avantage of these controls

Question 40

Social Control Theory

Answer 40

-Hirschi
~Some people should be deviant and are not
If we don’t have control, we fall into primitive behaviors
~Seattle Study
HS age kids (not all HS age kids go to high school)
**Two questions
**Have you ever done….?
**If yes, how many times have you done it?
The justice system is bad at discovering these deviances
He looked at the background factors of the kids
**He focuses on the social bond
**The more bonded you are to society, less people become concerned about those same bonds as they weaken, the same points as Reiss
**The bonds weaken social control and also weaken a less controlled society

~Elements of the social bond
High elements = high social bond
Different elements
**Commitment
**Factor analysis
****Series of questions
****Investment in doing something that is a commitment that you stand to lose if you do something stupid (unwilling risk)
**Involvement
**How many prosocial activities are you involved in, and do you have time to get in trouble
Attachment
**Do you have an interpersonal attachment to a group? If so, your actions affect the larger group
****You work for people’s respect
****Interpersonal attachments to earn people’s respect
**Belief
***If you follow the rules, then you will reap the rewards
**If your belief is strong, then you have a strong bond with the society

*If all four things are strong, then people will follow the rules of the social bond

~About 90+% have engaged in some form of delinquency that would have labeled them as criminal
*About 5% engaged and got caught in delinquent criminal activities
**The bond showed how often and many times someone commits a crime depends on the strength of their social bonds

-Paper and pencil
~Anonomus
*One person in a room
~Non-anonmus
*Twenty people in a room

-Face 2 Face
~Non-anonmus
*One-on-one interview
~Anonomus
*Creates a barrier

*There are no statistical differences between all four studies for the surveys

-Walter Reckless
~Defining the inner city is based on the opportunities for crime in that area
~Pushes and pulls
Push
**Internal drive
**Driven by social conventions, media, environment
***A push for something or wanting something
Pull
**External drive
**They are based on mentality
^When the internal and external drives meet in space and time, crime will occur
~Z.O.T is when crime meets with internal and external drives

-Sykes and Matza
~Neutralization
They believe that those who commit crimes know that they are doing bad, which causes negative feelings, and how can a person neutralize the negative feeling
~5 Techniques of Neutralization
Denial of Responsibility
**“I didn’t do it.”
**And remaining the deniability
*Denial of Injury
**“I did it, but no one got hurt.”
**Admit to the act, but there was no harm
*Denial of Victim
**“There was no actual victim.”
*Condeming the condemers
**“Do you know how fast you were going? You were speeding without your lights on, so you were speeding as well.”
**This does not get people out of the ticket
**Saying this implies that the cops are as crooked as the criminals
*Higher Loyalties
**Rejecting the laws and rules of society but accepting the laws and rules of a higher loyalty

-Matza
~Moral Drift
*Making something unacceptable more acceptable
**Speeding in a group of cars and slowly increasing the speed over time is still wrong, but it doesn’t seem wrong at the time
*Slow releases of control over time

Question 41

Endomorph
-Sheldon
~Gluelks

Answer 41

-Somatotypes
~The jolly person
*Could not create crimes

Question 42

Ectomorph
-Sheldon
~Gluelks

Answer 42

-Somatotypes
~The nervous person
*Could not create crimes

Question 43

Mesomorph
-Sheldon
~Cluelkc

Answer 43

-Somatotypes
~The muscular person
*Created the crimes

Question 44

NVCS