Chapter 55 + 56 Flashcards
A circumscribed complex mass protruding from the fetal surface of the placenta is demonstrated on ultrasound. This appearance most likely represents which one of the following?
a. Succenturiate placenta
b. Abruptio placenta
c. Circumvallate placenta
d. Chorioangioma
d. Chorioangioma
A cystic mass in the umbilical cord is usually which one of the following?
a. Allantoic in origin
b. An omphalocele
c. A false knot of the cord
d. A true knot of the cord
a. Allantoic in origin
A dilated intraabdominal, extrahepatic portion of the umbilical vein is called which one of the following?
a. Varix of the umbilical vein
b. Persistent right portal vein
c. Thrombosis of the umbilical vein
d. Aneurysm of the umbilical vein
a. Varix of the umbilical vein
A hypoplastic umbilical artery is defined as a three-vessel cord when the artery-to-artery difference is greater than \_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. 25% b. 30% c. 50% d. 75%
c. 50%
A long umbilical cord measures greater than \_\_\_\_\_ cm. Select one: a. 60 b. 80 c. 100 d. 120
b. 80
A marginal or an eccentric insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta is which one of the following?
a. Velamentous placenta
b. Vasa previa
c. Battledore placenta
d. Placenta accreta
c. Battledore placenta
A marginal placenta previa demonstrates which one of the following?
a. The edge of the placenta is near the internal cervical os.
b. The placenta is in the right lateral position.
c. The placenta touches but does not cross the internal cervical os.
d. The placenta partially covers the internal cervical os.
c. The placenta touches but does not cross the internal cervical os.
A paraumbilical defect involving all layers of the abdominal wall is called which one of the following?
a. Omphalocele
b. Umbilical herniation
c. Gastroschisis
d. Amniotic band syndrome
c. Gastroschisis
A short cord measures less than _____ cm.
a. 25
b. 30
c. 35
d. 40
c. 35
After birth, the ductus venosus turns into which one of the following?
a. Ductus arteriosus
b. Ligamentum venosum
c. Falciform ligament
d. Coronary ligament
b. Ligamentum venosum
All of the following statements are correct about a true knot of the cord except:
a. Is associated with long cords.
b. Has been associated with polyhydramnios.
c. Color Doppler is not useful when a true knot of the cord is detected.
d. Has been associated with monoamniotic twin gestation.
c. Color Doppler is not useful when a true knot of the cord is detected.
An example of a low-pressure bleed is which one of the following?
a. Marginal abruption
b. Retroplacental abruption
c. Decompression of the uterus
d. Trauma to the uterus
a. Marginal abruption
By 9 weeks, the yolk sac should measure ____________ millimeters (mm) in diameter.
a. Less than 5
b. Greater than 5
c. Less than 2
d. Greater than 2
a. Less than 5
Coiling of the umbilical cord:
a. Is abnormal.
b. Is not related to fetal activity.
c. Has a higher incidence of fetal anomalies when the cord is twisted toward the right.
d. Is insignificant.
c. Has a higher incidence of fetal anomalies when the cord is twisted toward the right.
Complications of placenta previa include all of the following except:
a. Premature delivery
b. Maternal hemorrhage
c. Postpartum hemorrhage
d. Succenturiate placenta
d. Succenturiate placenta
Conditions predisposing a fetus to cord prolapse include all of the following except:
a. Velamentous cord
b. Premature rupture of membranes
c. Polyhydramnios
d. Normal fetal presentation
d. Normal fetal presentation
Cord prolapse problems can be produced during all of the following obstetric procedures except:
a. Velamentous cord insertion
b. Artificial rupture of membranes
c. Disengaging the head
d. Version and extraction
a. Velamentous cord insertion
False knots of the umbilical cord:
a. Are associated with short cord length.
b. Occur when the blood vessels are longer than the cord.
c. Are loops of cord slipped over the fetal head.
d. Are umbilical hernias.
b. Occur when the blood vessels are longer than the cord.
Fusion of the amnion and chorion usually occurs by _______ weeks’ gestation.
a. 12
b. 14
c. 16
d. 20
c. 16
If a single umbilical artery is seen, the sonographer should search for which one of the following?
a. Neural tube defect
b. Esophageal atresia
c. Genitourinary defect
d. Duodenal atresia
c. Genitourinary defect
In the first trimester, the length of the umbilical cord is approximately the same size as which one of the following?
a. Mean (gestational) sac diameter
b. Biparietal diameter
c. Crown-rump length
d. Femur length
c. Crown-rump length
Severe blood loss may occur with placenta ____________.
a. Percreta
b. Increta
c. Accreta
d. Excreta
a. Percreta
The attachment of the placental membranes to the fetal surface of the placenta describes which one of the following?
a. Circummarginate placenta
b. Succenturiate placenta
c. Battledore placenta
d. Placenta accreta
a. Circummarginate placenta
The chorion around the gestational sac on the opposite side of implantation is chorion _______________.
a. Frondosum
b. Laeve
c. Capsularis
d. Vera
b. Laeve
The chorionic plate is related to which one of the following?
a. Maternal surface of the fetus
b. Fetal surface of the placenta
c. Allantois of the yolk stalk
d. Cotyledons and intervillous spaces
b. Fetal surface of the placenta
The decidual reaction that changes in the endometrium opposite the site of implantation is which one of the following?
a. Decidua basalis
b. Decidua capsularis
c. Decidua frondosum
d. Decidua vera
d. Decidua vera
The fetal membranes are comprised of all of the following except the:
a. Chorion
b. Amnion
c. Blastocyst
d. Yolk sac
c. Blastocyst
The function of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is to perform which one of the following?
a. Produce amniotic fluid.
b. Maintain the corpus luteum in early pregnancy.
c. Develop Wharton’s jelly around the cord.
d. Stimulate the yolk sac development.
b. Maintain the corpus luteum in early pregnancy.
The growth of the chorionic villi superficially into the myometrium describes which one of the following?
a. Succenturiate placenta
b. Placenta accreta
c. Placental migration
d. Placenta increta
b. Placenta accreta
The major functioning unit(s) of the placenta is(are) which of the following?
a. Chorionic villi
b. Yolk sac
c. Amnion
d. Cotyledons
a. Chorionic villi
The maternal side of the placenta is decidua ______________.
a. Frondosum
b. Capsularis
c. Basalis
d. Parietalis
c. Basalis
The most common site of fibrin deposition is which one of the following?
a. Along the subchorionic area
b. Along the retroplacental area
c. Within the chorioangioma
d. Within the hydatidiform mole
a. Along the subchorionic area
The normal length of the umbilical cord measures ______ centimeters (cm).
a. 20 to 35
b. 40 to 60
c. 30 to 50
d. 60 to 90
b. 40 to 60
The placenta performs all of the following functions except:
a. Protection
b. Absorption
c. Nutrition
d. Respiration
b. Absorption
The presence of one or more accessory lobes connected to the body of the placenta by blood vessels is a ______________ placenta.
a. Circumvallate
b. Succenturiate
c. Circummarginate
d. Battledore
b. Succenturiate
The presence of umbilical vessels crossing the internal os of the cervix is called which one of the following?
a. Placenta previa
b. Cord prolapse
c. Vaso previa
d. Velamentous cord
c. Vaso previa
The primary cause of placentomegaly is which one of the following abnormalities?
a. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
b. Battledore placenta
c. Maternal diabetes
d. Intrauterine infection
c. Maternal diabetes
The umbilical cord is formed by the fusion of which of the following?
a. Amnion and yolk sac
b. Yolk stalk and allantoic ducts
c. Yolk sac and allantoic ducts
d. Allantoic ducts and chorion
b. Yolk stalk and allantoic ducts
The velamentous placenta refers to a(n):
a. Insertion of the umbilical cord at the margin of the placenta
b. Insertion of the umbilical cord near the edge of the placenta
c. Arteriovenous anastomosis of the vessels within the placenta
d. Membranous insertion of the cord
d. Membranous insertion of the cord
Thrombosis of the umbilical vessels is most common in which one of the following?
a. Right umbilical artery
b. Left umbilical artery
c. Umbilical vein
d. Hypogastric arteries
c. Umbilical vein
Velamentous umbilical cord insertion is associated with all of the following except:
a. Preterm labor
b. Abnormal fetal heart rate
c. Low Apgar scores
d. Macrosomia
d. Macrosomia
Which one of the following abnormalities might demonstrate a small placenta?
a. Maternal anemia
b. Rh sensitivity
c. Maternal diabetes
d. Aneuploidy
d. Aneuploidy
Which one of the following occurs when the cord inserts into the membranes before it enters the placenta?
a. Prolapse
b. Velamentous insertion
c. Battledore placenta
d. Vasa previa
b. Velamentous insertion
Which one of the following occurs when the intramembranous vessels course across the internal cervical os?
a. Placenta previa
b. Battledore placenta
c. Vasa previa
d. Velamentous placenta
c. Vasa previa
Which one of the following problems may lead to inadequate fetal descent?
a. Long cord
b. Twisted cord
c. Short cord
d. Ruptured cord
c. Short cord
Which one of the following statements about a placental abruption is false?
a. Bleeding in the decidua basalis occurs with separation.
b. Placental abruption may be a retroplacental or marginal abruption.
c. The bleed may lead to a chorioangioma.
d. Preterm labor may result.
c. The bleed may lead to a chorioangioma.
Which one of the following statements about a single umbilical artery is false?
a. The incidence of IUGR is increased.
b. The right umbilical artery is absent more often than the left umbilical artery.
c. An increase in prenatal mortality is present.
d. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities is increased.
b. The right umbilical artery is absent more often than the left umbilical artery.
Which one of the following statements about the umbilical cord is false?
a. The chorion covers the cord and blends with the fetal skin at the umbilicus.
b. The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the fetus.
c. One umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries make up the umbilical cord.
d. The umbilical cord is the essential link from the mother to the fetus.
a. The chorion covers the cord and blends with the fetal skin at the umbilicus.
Which one of the following umbilical cord entanglements in the fetus is the most common?
a. Nuchal cord
b. True knot
c. False knot
d. Hematoma
a. Nuchal cord
__________ of the cord may be formed when a loop of cord is slipped over the fetal head or shoulders during delivery.
a. Hemangioma
b. False knots
c. Hematoma
d. True knots
d. True knots
