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AP Biology > Chapter 54 > Flashcards

Chapter 54 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

The bright warning coloration of many animals with effective physical/chemical defenses

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2
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators

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3
Q

Biomanipulation

A

An approach that applies the top-down model of community organization to alter ecosystem characteristics

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4
Q

Biomass

A

The total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat

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5
Q

Bottom-up Model

A

A model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control predator numbers

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6
Q

Character Displacement

A

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

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7
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is near helped nor harmed

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8
Q

Competitive Exculsion

A

The concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population

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8
Q

Community

A

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction

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9
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

Camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background

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10
Q

Disturbance

A

A natural of human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it. Disturbances, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities

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11
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

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12
Q

Dominant Species

A

A species with substantially higher abundance or biomass than other species in a community. Dominant species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species

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13
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Transition in the species composition of a community following a disturbance; establishment of a community in an area virtually barren of life

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14
Q

Ecosystem Engineer

A

An organism that influences community structure by causing physical changes in the environment

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15
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite that feeds on the external surface of a host

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16
Q

Endoparasite

A

A parasite that lives within a host

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17
Q

Energetic Hypothesis

A

The concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain

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18
Q

Facilitation

A

An interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis

18
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The total evaporation of water from an ecosystem, including water transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape, usually measured in millimeters and estimated for a year

19
Q

Food Webs

A

The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem

20
Q

Herbivory

A

An interaction in which an organism eats part of a plant or alga

21
Q

Host

A

The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, often providing a home and food source for the smaller symbiont

22
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

A

The concept that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance

23
Q

Interspecific Interactions

A

A relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community

24
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply

25
Q

Invasive Species

A

A species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range

26
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche

27
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Reciprocal mimicry by two unpalatable species

28
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit

28
Q

Nonequilibrium Model

A

A model that maintains that communities change constantly after being buffeted by disturbances

28
Q

Parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host

29
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. parasites harm but usually do not kill their host

30
Q

Primary Succession

A

A type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed

31
Q

Pathogens

A

An organism or virus that causes disease

32
Q

Predation

A

An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey

33
Q

Relative Abundance

A

The proportional abundance of different species in a community

34
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species

35
Q

Shannon Diversity

A

An index of community diversity symbolized by H

36
Q

Secondary Succession

A

A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substrate intact

37
Q

Species-area Curve

A

The biodiversity pattern that shows that the larger the geographic area of a community is, the more species it has

38
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological commmunity

39
Q

Species Richness

A

The number of species in a biological community

40
Q

Symbiosis

A

An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact

41
Q

Top-Down Model

A

A model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant of phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model

42
Q

Trophic Structure

A

The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling

43
Q

Vector

A

An organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another

AP Biology (6 decks)

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