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AP Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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2
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

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3
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The total mass of an atom, numerically equivalent to the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom

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4
Q

Atomic Nucleus

A

An atom’s dense central core, containing protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript

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6
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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7
Q

Chemical Bond

A

An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shell

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8
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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9
Q

Dalton

A

A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or AMU

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10
Q

Double Bond

A

A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

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11
Q

Electron

A

A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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13
Q

Electron Shell

A

An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

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14
Q

Element

A

Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions.

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15
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)

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16
Q

Essential Element

A

A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce

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17
Q

Half-life

A

The amount of time it takes for 50% of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay

18
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule

19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

20
Q

Ionic Compound

A

A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt

21
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge

22
Q

Isotope

A

One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass

23
Q

Mass Number

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

24
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

25
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

26
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) found in the nucleus of an atom

27
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

28
Q

Orbital

A

The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

29
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive

30
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement

31
Q

Product

A

A material resulting from a chemical reaction

32
Q

Proton

A

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

33
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.

34
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

A method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes

35
Q

Reactant

A

A starting material in a chemical reaction

36
Q

Salt

A

A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound

37
Q

Single Bond

A

A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

38
Q

Trace Element

A

An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts

39
Q

Valence

A

The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost (valence) shell

40
Q

Valence Electron

A

An electron in the outermost electron shell

41
Q

Valence Shell

A

The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom

42
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from the transient local partial charges

AP Biology (6 decks)

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