Chapter 51 - Pediatric Abdomen & Pelvis

Question 1

The most common congenital obstruction of the esophagus is ________.

Answer 1

esophageal atresia

Question 2

__________ is perhaps the most common acquired cause of duodenal obstruction.

Answer 2

Duodenal hematoma

Question 3

______ and ______ are the most common causes of distal small bowel obstruction in the neonate.

Answer 3

Ileal atresia and meconium ileus

Question 4

_______ is a common condition in childhood that is associated with spasm of the puborectalis muscle.

Answer 4

Functional megacolon

Question 5

_________ is a common cause of gastritis in infants that leads to vomiting and bleeding.

Answer 5

Milk allergy

Question 6

Gastroenteritis is most often caused by _______ in children.

Answer 6

viral infections

Question 7

(In appendicitis) Prominent periappendiceal fat stranding is a good predictor of _____ on CT.

Answer 7

perforation

Question 8

most common causes of cholelithiasis in children include _______ (give 7).

“SicKCon ToFu si SHORT HeiDe”
(sick on tofu si short heidi)

Answer 8

1. SICKle-cell disease
2. CONgenital obstructive anomalies of the biliary tract
3. TOtal parenteral nutrition
4. FUrosemide treatment
5. SHORT gut syndrome
6. HEmolytic anemia
7. DEhydration

“SicKCon ToFu si SHORT HeiDe”
(sick on tofu si short heidi)

Question 9

________ is the most common pancreatic variant, consisting of abnormal fusion of the ducts of Santorini and Wirsung

Answer 9

Pancreas divisum

Question 10

_____ is the most common cystic lesion of the pancreas.

Answer 10

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Question 11

NEC can be triggered by multiple factors, but _____ and _____ are thought to be the most important causative factors.

Answer 11

Ischemia and Infection

Question 12

Meckel Diverticulum arise from the _____.

Answer 12

ileum (approximately 80 cm from the ileocecal valve)

Question 13

The best initial examination to identify a bleeding Meckel diverticulum is a _________.

Answer 13

Tc-99m-pertechnetate scan

Question 14

Rectal bleeding in older children is most often due to _____ which are most common in the sigmoid and rectum.

Answer 14

juvenile inflammatory polyps

Question 15

_______ is the most common cause of renal scarring in children.

Answer 15

Pyelonephritis

- the scarring appears to occur independently from vesicoureteral reflux

Question 16

abnormal external sphincter contraction occurs during contraction of the detrusor muscle, preventing urination and increasing the pressure within the bladder. This condition, known as ___________ is common in children with myelodysplasia

Answer 16

detrussor-sphincter dyssynergia

Question 17

________ is the most common cause of urethral obstruction in male infants.

Answer 17

Posterior urethral valve

Question 18

Posterior urethral valve TYPES:
A. Abnormal migration and insertion of the urethrovaginal folds result in sail-like flaps of tissue that arise at the base of the prostatic urethra below the verumontanum
B. consists of a nonobstructive mucosal FOLD rather than an obstructing membrane.
C. consist of a membrane caused by incomplete canalization in the region of the urogenital diaphragm.

Answer 18

A. Type I valves
B. Type II “valve”
C. Type III posterourethral valves

Question 19

The most common cause of a scrotal mass in children is _______.

Answer 19

congenital hydrocele

Question 20

The most common testicular neoplasm before puberty is the ______.

Answer 20

yolk sac tumor

Question 21

_________ are the most common metastatic tumors to involve the testes in children.

Answer 21

Leukemia and lymphoma

Question 22

The most common abdominal masses in infants and children are ______.

Answer 22

enlarged kidneys due to hydronephrosis or cystic renal disease

Question 23

______ is the most common renal neoplasm of childhood.

Answer 23

Wilms tumor

Question 24

_____ is the most common site of metastasis in Wilms Tumor

Answer 24

LUNGS

Question 25

________ is the most common renal tumor of the neonate.

Answer 25

Mesoblastic nephroma

Question 26

In the newborn, the most common cause of adrenal enlargement is ________.

Answer 26

adrenal hemorrhage

Question 27

_________ is a rare lipidosis that results in enlarged, densely calcified adrenal glands.

Answer 27

Wolman disease

Question 28

most common type of choledochal cyst

Answer 28

Type I

- is a localized, fusiform, or saccular dilation of the common bile duct below the cystic duct

Question 29

________ is the most common benign liver tumor encountered in infancy.

Answer 29

Hemangioendothelioma

Question 30

_______ is the most common childhood tumor to metastasize to the liver.

Answer 30

Neuroblastoma

Question 31

GI duplication cysts most commonly arise from the _____.

Answer 31

small bowel (approximately 44% of cases) 
or colon (15% of cases).

Question 32

The most common endocrine tumor is the ________.

Answer 32

benign islet cell adenoma (insulinoma)

Question 33

______ is the most common malignant tumor of the small intestine.

Answer 33

Non–Hodgkin lymphoma

Question 34

most common colon lesions

Answer 34

Inflammatory polyps or

polyps associated with one of the colonic polyposis syndromes

Question 35

The most common ovarian neoplasms in children and adolescents are _________.

Answer 35

germ cell tumors

Question 36

________ is the most common germ cell tumor in young patients and is benign.

Answer 36

Mature cystic teratoma

Question 37

A common appearance of TERATOMAs is a predominantly cystic mass with an echogenic nodular mass protruding into the lumen, known as a _______.

Answer 37

dermoid plug or Rokitansky nodule

Question 38

__________ is the most common tumor to affect the lower urinary tract in children.

Answer 38

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 39

________ is the most common tumor in the newborn infant.

in presacral masses

Answer 39

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Question 40

crescent-shaped deformity of the sacrum

Answer 40

scimitar sacrum

Question 41

Currarino triad

Answer 41

partial sacral agenesis + anorectal stenosis + presacral mass